A simplified approach to modeling temperature dynamics in photovoltaic systems – Validation, case studies, and parametric analysis

Abstract

This paper presents a simplified theoretical model for analyzing the temperature dynamics of photovoltaic (PV) modules. The model is built on an energy balance approach, considering solar irradiation as the primary energy input. It accounts for the conversion of solar power into electricity and the storage of thermal energy within the PV module, which subsequently increases the PV temperature leading to decay in its electrical efficiency. Heat loss from the top and bottom surfaces of the module, with variations for cooling techniques, is also included. The model is validated against three different experimental studies, demonstrating good agreement with the experimental temperature variations, with a maximum discrepancy ranging from 4 % to 16 %. This simplified model is then applied to two case studies: one representing typical daytime conditions and another simulating cold weather events. By comparing the PV temperature dynamics between the model and the experimental data, it is shown that the model accurately captures the dynamic response of the PV temperatures to changes in solar irradiation and ambient temperatures. Moreover, a parametric analysis is conducted to investigate the effects of key parameters on PV temperature and efficiency. Higher cooling rates from the bottom surface significantly boost electric power output, aligning closely with solar irradiance variations. Enhanced upper surface cooling, through increased convection, reduces PV temperature and thereby improves electric efficiency and power production. The PV temperature increases quasi-linearly with ambient temperature, especially at lower wind speeds, and decreases with higher wind speeds, eventually stabilizing at high values. Additionally, both ambient temperature and solar irradiance contribute to rising PV temperatures, with ambient temperature having a slightly greater effect. These findings underscore the critical role of cooling techniques in optimizing PV performance amidst varying environmental conditions.