Abstract
The study’s main aim was to predict the penetrant residual velocity, with it being a vital output parameter in the projectile target interaction. The ballistics have been probed on a wide spectrum of impact velocities for different applications. Determination of the residual velocity by analytical methods entails the use of the impulse momentum principle, and the process is further challenged by the necessary inclusion of various variables that directly affect the calculation of the residual velocity. These problems can be overcome by adopting a non-dimensional approach by determining the combination of variables required for the penetration process by carrying out and validating the non-dimensionalization of the pertinent variables. The process discussed in this study provides a reasonable correlation of the non-dimensional parameters, which was used to estimate and validate penetrant residual velocity. A generalized solution predicting the penetrator residual velocity for a wide range of materials for a variety of impact velocities is proposed. The result of this correlation was validated against the published data, and the method was largely in agreement, showing the robustness of the proposed finding.
Highlights
Ballistics have been investigated for many years in a wide spectrum of impact velocities, among the myriad of applications of ballistics, such as cold spray deposition, delivery of microparticles into human skin, ballistic armor, etc
The cold spray deposition [1] and delivery of micro-particles into human skin through ballistic [2] processes involves the acceleration of solid particles to high velocities using supersonic carrier gas and penetrating the target with a sufficient impact velocity
The relevant dimensional parameters were identified in the current study as the penetrant area projected on the target, target thickness, target yield stress, penetrant impact velocity, penetrant mass, target density, and the penetrant density
Summary
Ballistics have been investigated for many years in a wide spectrum of impact velocities, among the myriad of applications of ballistics, such as cold spray deposition, delivery of microparticles into human skin, ballistic armor, etc. Other ballistics with a different nose shape might influence the non-deforming projectile ability to penetrate into a target [8,9]. Gupta et al [10] reported the effect of the projectile nose shape impacting different thicknesses of aluminum plates experimentally and numerically. To derive the equation of motion, the principle of impulse momentum must be applied to the undeformed portion of the rod, which can be stated as follows: Momentum at time (t + ∆t)—Momentum at time (t) = −F∆t. To compute the residual velocity for different projectiles geometry,, experimental data have been extracted from ppublished articles [24,25] and ccoompared wwith EEqquation (17), as depicted in Figure 22,, wwhhiicch sshhoowws tthhee ccoommppaarrison ooff EEqquuaattion ((117) wwiitthh ppuubblliisshed ddata for the residuall vveelloocciittyy ddeetteerrmmiinnaattiioonn. Nnoonn--ddiimmeennsional analyses can offer a general solution that predicts the penetrator residual velocity for a wide range of materials under an extensive range of impact velocities
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