Abstract
A complete analytical model combined with a very simple experimental procedure is proposed. It permits the post-processing of experimental measures to obtain the stress–strain curve for tubes very quickly and well adapted for industrial use. The quality of the results is proved by comparison with experimental measures and finite element results. Anisotropy in tube is revealed by plotting the (ρ,α) curve where ρ and α stand for strain and stress path respectively. Two quadratic criteria (Hill 1948 and Hill 1993) are studied and it is found that the Hill 1993 criterion seems the best to represent tube anisotropy for 316L stainless steel tube studied in the present paper.
Highlights
Tube hydroforming process consists in forming a tube inside a closed and shaped cavity by an internal pressure
These material data present several limitations: (1) for a same material grade, one cannot compare a flat sheet with a tube; (2) engineer strains are limited to around 20% due to necking that is very low compared to the deformation possibilities for the loading conditions in the hydroforming process; (3) for advanced steels, plastic behaviour strongly depends on strain path
By analogy with bulge test for sheets, the tube bulging test is recommended for material characterisation dedicated to tube hydroforming
Summary
Tube hydroforming process consists in forming a tube inside a closed and shaped cavity by an internal pressure. For complex shapes and thinning limitation, a combination of an internal pressure and a compression axial force is needed This technology presents a great industrial interest because it permits to obtain complex hollow shaped parts with a reduced number of welding spots and higher structural quality [1,2,3,4]. This process is developed in competitive industries where finite element simulations are intensively used to decrease lead time for design. A complete analytical modelling combined with a very simple experimental procedure is proposed in Section 2 and provide an experimental method adapted to industrial context to get the strain–stress curve.
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