Abstract
A mixture of dodecanoic and hexanoic fatty acids was used to perform a simple and efficient microextraction method for industrial dyes such as methylene blue (MB), methyl violet (MV), and malachite green (MG) in aqueous solution. The fatty-acid microextractants were simply mixed and heated until the mixture became homogeneous before adding it to the dye solutions. The fatty-acid solvent and its components were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) measurements, while the dye concentrations were measured using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The performance of the extracting mixture was observed to vary across different dye contaminants, dosages of the extractant, concentrations of the dyes, and contact times. High extraction efficiencies of up to ~99% were obtained for MG as well as MV, and ~73% efficiency was achieved for MB. The study shows how a mixture of fatty acids can be used as a simple, efficient, green, and sustainable low-volume method for the removal of toxic industrial dyes in aqueous solutions.
Highlights
Fatty-Acid Solvent Mixture.A vast range of micropollutants heavily permeate several industries
The use of fatty-acid mixtures has been gaining attention in recent years for their use in green applications. Beyond their role as phase-change materials (PCMs) [14,15], fatty acids have been applied for a broad range of uses that encompass applications in latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) [16] and water remediation to reduce the presence of micropollutants in aqueous environments [17,18,19]
The 1700 cm−1 peak is attributed to the stretching mode of C=O, while the broad peaks found between 3000 cm−1 and 3500 cm−1 are assigned to the hydroxyl group of the fatty acids
Summary
The use of fatty-acid mixtures has been gaining attention in recent years for their use in green applications Beyond their role as phase-change materials (PCMs) [14,15], fatty acids have been applied for a broad range of uses that encompass applications in latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) [16] and water remediation to reduce the presence of micropollutants in aqueous environments [17,18,19]. This study explores their performance in dye remediation using the binary combination of measurements were carried out to establish how mixing the fatty acids may impact hyhexanoic acid and dodecanoic acid as a microextractant for methylene blue (MB), methyl drogen bond strength and the solvent’s behavior upon exposure to water which could violet (MV), malachite greenWith (MG). Figure structuresofofthe thefatty fatty acids and dyes used in this study
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