Abstract
Rivers are very vulnerable to fragmentation caused by the presence of man-made barriers. To restore river basin connectivity, numerous indices have been developed to calculate river fragmentation and optimise barrier mitigation actions. These methods usually calculate connectivity for whole river basins, but sometimes it is useful to analyse the connectivity for certain elements of interest. The main goal of this study was to develop a simple method to calculate the connectivity of specific riverine habitats or fish meta-populations.The framework of the Dendritic Connectivity Index (DCI) created by Cote et al. in 2009 was changed to develop the Population Connectivity Index (PCI). This index would depend on the number of populations, the total river length occupied by each population, the distance between populations, the dispersal capability of the fish species and the presence of barriers in the river. The outcome of the index is a percentage that measures the degree of connectivity in a meta-population. The PCI was tested in four Iberian fish species with different dispersal capabilities: Salmo trutta, Luciobarbus comizo, Anaecypris hispanica and Cobitis vettonica.The results show a natural connectivity between populations (without considering dams) of 7.95–47.48%. The most connected meta-population was L. comizo while the most naturally fragmented meta-population was A. hispanica. When large impassable dams were added to the index the results show a connectivity of 2.19–16.48%. Dams reduce connectivity between 5.37 and 30.99 points. Dams were ranked according to their impact in the fragmentation of each studied meta-population.This PCI allows to find out naturally isolated fish meta-populations and to assess the impact of dams in the fragmentation of fish meta-populations. It can also be used in dam prioritization decisions such as dam removals and new dam location selection. It also can aid in the creation of river ecological corridors between endangered or important fish populations.
Highlights
Dams have multiple impacts on riverine organisms, especially on freshwater fish species as they are totally constrained to the river streams (Gido et al, 2016)
The isolation from mainland Europe, the clash of climates and its varied geography have led to the evolution of numerous endemic freshwater fish species, many of them restricted to one river basin or sub-basin (Antunes et al, 2016)
The fragmentation of all four studied fish species meta-populations increased between a 48.7% and a 190% when natural populations where divided by dams
Summary
Dams have multiple impacts on riverine organisms, especially on freshwater fish species as they are totally constrained to the river streams (Gido et al, 2016). There are more than 45,000 large dams all over the world, with hundreds more under construction (Zarfl et al, 2014). All of these dams regulate more than 50% of all major world river systems and water flow (Nilsson et al, 2005; Vorosmarty et al, 2010). These obstacles to fish movement reduce the connectivity of the river and between fish populations. Even resident fishes, which move generally short distances, are impacted as river segment isolation caused by the presence of dams has impacts in the structure of fish populations and communities and can lead to the
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