A Simple Method for Reliable Estimation of the Bubble Energy in the Underwater Explosion

Abstract

The bubble energy is the main part of the chemical energy of the explosive that is formed upon the propagation of a shock wave through the water for the underwater explosion. A simple method is introduced for reliable prediction of the bubble energy of composite explosives containing aluminum (Al) and/or ammonium perchlorate (AP). It is shown that the bubble energy of composite Al/AP explosives depends on the number of moles of chlorine, carbon, and Al atoms. Experimental data of 56 composite Al/AP explosives are used to construct and test the novel model of the bubble energy. Statistical parameters of the new model, in external validation containing 35 composite Al/AP explosives as the training set, have the values 0.43 and 1.15 MJ·kg–1 for the root mean squared error (RMSE) and maximum of errors (Max Error) of the new model, respectively. The values of RMSE and Max Error for 21 composite Al/AP explosives as test set are also 0.60 and 2.22 MJ·kg–1, respectively. Cross validations of the new method corresponding to the coefficients of determination for leave‐one‐out (Q2LOO) and the fivefold cross validation (Q25CV) are 0.8573 and 0.8403, respectively, which confirms goodness‐of‐fit, goodness‐of‐prediction, accuracy and precision of the novel model. It is shown that the novel correlation can be applied for pure and composite explosives, which do not contain Al/AP.