A Simple Experiment Challenges the Inference that Macro-fractures on Chipped-stone Tools are Clear Evidence of High-Velocity Impacts

Abstract

ABSTRACT The paradigmatic assumption that prehistoric chipped stone points primarily functioned as hafted armatures of composite hunting weapons is often tested with replicates that are hafted as armatures. Thus, the tests are whether they make good armatures, not whether they were armatures. This precludes systematic inquiry into possible alternative functions and inferences for these tools. We find the evidence marshalled to prove armature use is often equivocal. We demonstrate through experiment that most macro-fractures, which are often cited as the most diagnostic indicator of armature use because they are only caused by high-velocity impacts, can also be produced by low-velocity impacts. Our results emphasize the need to recognize the limits of functional inferences and the importance of multiple, testable hypotheses.