A Simple Colorimetric Method for Field Determinations of the Carbon Dioxide Tension and Free Carbon Dioxide, Bicarbonates and Carbonates in Solution in Natural Waters. I. A Theoretical Discussion

The chemical hypotheses regarding the behavior of substances in solution, that is, the mass action of solvents, suggested by Guldberg and Waage ('64, '67 and '79), and the dielectric behavior of solvents worked out by J. J. Thomson ('93) and Nernst ('94) have been well established as laws. These laws have been applied to homogeneous equilibria rather successfully in anticipating the behavior of an electrolyte in solution. On the other hand, the successful application of these same laws to a heterogeneous equilibrium (Prideaux 'i5) is limited, regardless of the fact that an equilibrium is established between all interacting molecular species in the system. The possible reason for the difficulty in applying the law of mass action to a system of a heterogeneous equilibrium is the fact that the point of equilibrium of a substance depends upon the nature of the system, and the factors controlling and limiting the point of equilibrium are not easily determined. In other words, the principles of mass action are as applicable to a heterogeneous equilibrium as to a homogeneous equilibrium. That is, in a given system of either homogeneous or heterogeneous equilibrium under a given set of conditions all reacting substances will have definite end points. This end point is dependent upon the concentration of the components coming into equilibrium. Thus each component has its determining effect upon the point of equilibrium of the several interacting components. The addition of a new molecular species or an increase or decrease of an already existing component will bring about an entirely new equilibrium. As Johnston ('i6) has put it, The least satisfactory method in general is the titration method for free CO2 as ordinarily carried out, for the results cannot be interpreted

The paper presents characteristics of Debina infiltration intake which provides water for Poznan and neighbouring communes. The evaluation of effectiveness of infiltration process has been done based on the quality parameters of river water and infiltration water. The analysed water quality parameters are as follows: temperature, iron, manganese, DOCKMnO4, TOC, turbidity, colour, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, conductivity, total hardness, carbonate hardness, pH, heavy metals, detergents and microorganisms. The paper also includes an assessment of the impact of flood conditions on the quality of infiltration water and operation of infiltration intake. In this part of the paper the following parameters were taken into account: iron, manganese, DOCKMnO4, TOC, turbidity, colour, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, conductivity, total hardness, the total number of microorganisms in 36°C (mesophilic), the total number of microorganisms in 22°C (psychrophilic), coli bacteria, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Enterococci. Analysis of the effects of flood on infiltration process leads to the following conclusions: the deterioration of infiltration water quality was due to the deterioration of river water quality, substantial shortening of groundwater passage and partial disappearance of the aeration zone. The observed deterioration of infiltration water quality did not affect the treated water quality, produced at water treatment plant.

Objective To analyze the effect of different tidal volume and low levels of end expiratory positive pressure ventilation on respiratory function in laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia, to provide reference for the selection of ventilation modes of laparoscopic operation in general anesthesia. Methods Ninety-six patients who received general anesthesia were selected from August 2013 to June 2016. According to the random number table method, they were divided into observation group (n=48) and control group (n=48). Mechanical ventilation after tracheal intubation was performed in the two groups, and tidal volume was 9 ml/kg and respiratory frequency was 12 times/min before pneumoperitoneum, after pneumoperitoneum, the tidal volume changed to 6 ml/kg, respiratory frequency changed to 14 times/ min in observation group, but the ventilation parameters of control group were unchanged. The heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2), arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2), end expiratory carbon dioxide partial pressure (PetCO2), Alveolar arterial oxygen partial pressure (A-aDO2), oxygenation index and respiratory index, jugular venous oxygen points pressure(PjvO2), internal carotid venous oxygen saturation(SjvO2), jugular venous oxygen content (CjvO2), cerebral arterial venous oxygen content difference (Da-jvO2) index were compared between the two groups before pneumoperitoneum, 30 min after pneumoperitoneum and 60 min after pneumoperitoneum. Results Before pneumoperitoneum, 30 min after pneumoperitoneum and 60 min after pneumoperitoneum, HR and MAP of the two groups had no statistically significant difference(P>0.05); 30 min and 60 min after pneumoperitoneum, PaO2, PaCO2, PetCO2, A-aDO2, oxygen index and respiratory index of observation group were better than those of control group, the differences were significant (P<0.05); 30 min and 60 min after pneumoperitoneum, PjvO2, SjvO2 and CjvO2 of observation group were higher than those of control group, Da-jvO2 was lower than that of control group, and the differences were significant (P<0.05). Conclusions Low tidal volume and low levels of end expiratory positive pressure ventilation can improve the respiratory function and cerebral oxygen metabolism in patients with general anesthesia of laparoscopic surgery, and has a high practical value, it is worth popularization and application. Key words: Anesthesia; Low level of positive end expiratory pressure; Tidal volume; Respiratory function

To study the change of motor evoked potential of the diaphragm after graded upper cervical cord injuries and analyze the prognosis of the respiratory function after upper cervical cord injuries by MEP. The C(3, 4) spinal cord of 40 SD rats were injured with modified Allen method by weight drop force of 30 gcf, 50 gcf, 80 gcf, 100 gcf. The change of latent and amplitude of MEP of the diaphragm was observed before and after the spinal cord injuries (followed up for 1 month). At the same time, the femoral arterial blood of 0.2 ml was drawn. The pH value, the partial pressure of oxygen, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and the saturation of the blood oxygen were monitored. The change of the respiratory function was evaluated in the rats after cervical cord injuries. The relationship between the recovery of the respiratory function and the latent or amplitude was analyzed. The MEP wave of the diaphragm was stable before the upper cervical spinal cord injury in the rats. It was usually composed of a positive and negative wave. The latent period and peak-peak amplitude of wave were (3.13 +/- 0.29) ms and (6.78 +/- 3.48) mv. The latent period of the diaphragms MEP in rats change with graded upper cervical cord injuries significantly, the more sever the injury, the longer the latent period. There were obvious relationship between the change of the latent period and the recovery of the respiratory function. When the latent period prolonged 101%, the respiratory function is hardly to recovery. MEP can objectively and sensitively reflect the injury extent of the respiratory function when upper cervical cord is injured. It would be a reliable index to evaluate the long-term prognosis of respiratory function.

Cation exchange properties of humic acids and their importance in the geochemical enrichment of UO 2++ and other cations

Photooxidation of cumene (isopropylbenzene) and pyridine in dilute solution in natural waters gives products characteristic of reactions with alkylperoxy (RO(2).) and hydroxyl (HO.) radicals. On the basis of the rates of formation of the products, the average concentrations of RO(2). and HO. are estimated to be about 10(-9) and 10(-17) mole per liter, respectively. The concentration of RO(2). is large enough that, for some classes of reactive chemicals, oxidation can be an important process in natural waters.

Metals coordinated by ligands normally found in natural waters

1. The pH of a natural water is determined by the temperature, solids in solution and its carbon dioxide tension. 2. A change in the carbon dioxide tension of a water causes a definite and predictable change in pH, provided the carbon dioxide in solution is the only factor modifying the system. The amount of change in pH with a given change in carbon dioxide tension is determined by the water itself as a chemical system. That is, the pH at a definite carbon dioxide tension and temperature and the amount of change with a definite change in carbon dioxide tension are determined by the characteristics of the natural water itself. 3. Aquatic organisms are able to withstand wide ranges in pH. 4. Aquatic animals are affected in their physiological processes and behavior by changes in carbon dioxide and oxygen tensions. Of the two, a change in carbon dioxide tension is the more effective. 5. All aquatic animals can regulate their internal environment to bring them into harmony with their external environment. Th...

A comparative account of the plankton ecology of five fish tanks in Delhi is given. Variations in the physical and chemical characteristics of water such as temperature, turbidity, total residue, pH, free carbon dioxide, carbonate alkalinity, total alkalinity, total hardness, chlorides, dissolved oxygen, oxygen consumed, phosphates, nitrates, silicates and sulphates observed for a period of one year are described. Chemical characteristics of water vary to a great extent in the five tanks. The dry summer and the monsoon rains considerably influence the physical and chemical conditions of water. The quantitative variations in the phytoplankton populations are presented. Compared to temperate waters, the tanks in Delhi show a richer variety of organisms. The largest number of genera is noted among the green algae. Desmids are poorly represented in all the tanks. The phytoplankton populations show a regular winter maximum which is caused by diatoms. Observations on the quantitative variations in the major groups of zooplankton are presented. Zooplankton population is represented by many genera. The dominant group among the zooplankton is the Rotifera which shows a summer maximum. There is no significant correlation between the phytoplankton and the zooplankton.

Widespread application of on-pump revascularization procedures is increasing due to the thought of elimination of untoward effects of cardiopulmonary circuit. Thus, whether off-pump coronary artery surgery eliminates side effects especially related to respiratory functions is still controversial. Although many previous studies have evaluated these respiratory functions, daily comparison of 12 parameters was not included in any of the studies. The aim of our prospective study was to ascertain whether off-pump coronary operation improves pulmonary functions and postoperative recovery period when compared with on-pump technique and whether early discharge of patients with off-pump surgery is the result of respiratory improvement. Eighteen patients in each group were included: on-pump group underwent coronary revascularization with cardiopulmonary bypass and off-pump with stabilization. Respiratory function tests and arterial blood gas analyses were performed preoperatively and daily after operation function tests included forced expiratory volume (FEV) in 1s, forced vital capacity (FVC), expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, quotient of FEV in 1s to FVC, maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV), tidal volume, and forced midexpiratory flow. Blood gas analyses included partial arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide pressure, arterial pH and hematocrit (Hct). Preoperative pulmonary functions and arterial blood gases were not statistically significant between groups except MVV and partial arterial oxygen pressure. MVV was slightly higher in on-pump group and partial arterial oxygen pressure was slightly lower in on-pump group. During postoperative first day Hct (P=0.004) and FEV in 1s (P=0.049) values and third day partial arterial oxygen pressure (P=0.011) and Hct (P=0.011) values were lower in on-pump group. Mean extubation, duration in postoperative suit and hospital discharge times, mean blood loss were not statistically significant between groups postoperatively. Pulmonary functions and arterial blood gases were not improved in off-pump patients when compared with on-pump patients. Patients going to be surgically revascularized should not be altered to off-pump surgery merely with the hope of improving respiratory functions with off-pump technique. As the postoperative stay times at surgical theatre and hospital is not different and the extubation times were similar, early discharge of patients with off-pump surgery cannot be related merely to better preservation of respiratory functions.

The concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide in seawater affects the formation of seabed biogenic minerals, and controls the development and evolution of marine organisms, which is one of the most important indices in the marine environment and geology survey. The concentration of free carbon dioxide in bottom seawater has important academic value for the exploration of seabed minerals, marine environment monitoring, the study of the carbon cycle in seabed sediments and even the global carbon cycle. Titration is used to determine the index, whose range is between 4 mg/L and 400 mg/L. However, the concentration of free carbon dioxide in bottom seawater in some sea areas is lower than this range, thus titration may not be suitable. A method for the determination of free carbon dioxide in artificial seawater, whose name is D.B.S/Henry’s Law, is described in this paper. D.B.S/Henry’s Law indirectly determines the content of free carbon dioxide in seawater instead of directly titrating with reagents. It is simple, fast and accurate, and it is based on the law of conservation of mass/Henry’s law and CO2 dissolution mechanisms. This discovery mainly provides a new scientific perspective for the determination of trace free carbon dioxide concentration in seawater. In addition, Henry’s law constants of carbon dioxide in artificial seawater at 3–20 degrees Celsius are determined with D.B.S/Henry’s Law. These data will be used as an important reference for the determination of free carbon dioxide in seawater in the future. D.B.S/Henry’s Law may be used as a supplement of the methods specified in national and industrial standards, which are applied to the detection of carbon dioxide Henry’s constant and free carbon dioxide content in various temperature and salinity seawater. D.B.S/Henry’s Law provides a new perspective for CO2 determination and has extensive practical application value.

In the present investigation (from march 2004 – February 2005), a fish pond was selected at University of Jammu, Jammu to study the physico-chemical properties of water for the assessment of its quality. The physico-chemical factors such as temperature, pH, free carbon dioxide, Dissolved oxygen (DO), Calcium (Ca ++ ), Magnesium (Mg ++ ), Carbonate (CO 3 2), Bicarbonate (HCO 3 ) and Chloride were investigated. Temperature fluctuated from 11 o C to 28 o

Thirty samples of Jersey milk were analysed for each of titratable acidity, free carbon dioxide, carbonates, citric acid and citrates, casein, lactalbumin and lactoglobulin, and inorganic phosphates. Partial correlation coefficients were calculated for titratable acidity with each of the other variables. The only significant one was that between titratable acidity and inorganic phosphates. Therefore it is concluded that inorganic phosphates are the primary cause of the acidity of fresh milk.

A limnological investigation was carried out in Tropical Community Wetland, Kanewal, Gujarat, India from June 2007 to May 2008. Water quality parameters like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, secchi depth, total solids and total dissolved and suspended solids, free carbon dioxide, phenolphthalein alkalinity, total alkalinity, carbonates, bicarbonates, total hardness, calcium and magnesium hardness, chloride, phosphate, sulphate and nitrate and phytoplankton composition were investigated during the study period. Correlation coefficients were calculated among the various physicochemical variables and phytoplankton groups. Sulphate and nitrate both showed a positive correlation with phosphate. However, dissolved oxygen showed a negative correlation with phosphate, sulphate and nitrate at both the sites. Pearson Product Analysis for phytoplankton at the two sites was performed and it showed a high significance of Bacillariophyceae members between both the sites than other two groups. A total of 45 species were identified belonging to Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae but members of Euglenophyceae were found to be absent indicating a lesser degree of organic pollution. Moreover, species of Bacillariophyceae were recorded to be the most occurred group compared to others throughout the study which shows relatively unpolluted nature of wetland.

Present work deals with the assessment of variations in physico-chemical parameters of Sagar Tal in Budaun, U.P., during July 2019 to June 2021. The location of this pond is at a distance of 2.5 km from Budaun Junction in the Nawada region at latitude 28.0512° N and longitude 79.1305° E. Analysis of various Physico-chemical parameters were performed using APHA standard methods for water analysis. The ranges of monthly mean values were obtained after analysis of water samples in triplicates, for air temperature (17.03-38.03°C), water temperature (18.03-38.97°C), transparency (10.00-26.00 cm), pH (8.00-9.80), dissolved oxygen (08.00-11.23 mg/l), free Carbon dioxide (0-8.0 mg/l), carbonate alkalinity (0-120 mg/l), bicarbonate alkalinity (29.48-117.93mg/l), chloride (9.98-16.66mg/l), calcium (44.11-107.47 mg/l), magnesium (21.95-67.71 mg/l) and total hardness (205.67-466 mg/l). The data were administered to various statistical analysis in order to explore the remarkable relationship among these parameters. A positive outcome of relationship of air temperature with water temperature (0.864), magnesium with both total hardness (0.915), dissolved oxygen was observed along with a negative relationship of water temperature and pH (-0.913).