A simple and low-cost paper-based device for simultaneous determination of hematocrit and hemoglobin levels in point-of-care settings

Abstract

Hematocrit and hemoglobin levels are common blood tests used to assess the overall health status of patients as well as the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. The gold-standard technologies to determine the hematocrit and hemoglobin levels are precise and fast, but they are not pragmatic in extreme point-of-care settings due to the prohibitive cost, process complexity, and sophisticated facilities. Therefore, here, we report the development of a microfluidic paper-based analytical device to determine hematocrit and hemoglobin levels simultaneously. This device exploits the area of the stain formed by a spreading drop of 20 μl of whole blood on Whatman filter paper immobilized with sodium chloride and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for hematocrit level, whereas for hemoglobin concentration, it utilizes the gray color intensity of a 20 μl droplet of a mixture of blood and de-ionized water. The performance of the device is verified by comparing with gold-standard results of the automated hematology analyzer, showing a high degree of correlation (R2) of 0.9651 and 0.9701 for hematocrit and hemoglobin levels, respectively. The bias and standard deviation of the differences between the two measurements for hematocrit determination are 0.002 and 1.005, respectively, while the bias and standard deviation of differences between the two methods for hemoglobin determination are 0.065 and 0.398, respectively. This device is likely to provide a simple, fast, disposable, and inexpensive tool to determine the hematocrit and hemoglobin levels in resource-constraint settings.