Abstract
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is widely used in various dental endodontic applications such as root-end filling, furcal perforation repair, and vital pulp therapy. In spite of many attempts to improve handling properties and reduce the discoloration of MTA, the ideal root canal filling material has yet to be fully developed. The objective of this study was to investigate the setting time, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of MTA set by a silk fibroin solution. A 5 wt% silk fibroin (SF) solution (a novel hydration accelerant) was used to set SavDen® MTA and ProRoot® white MTA (WMTA). Changes in setting time, diametral tensile strength (DTS), material crystallization, in vitro cell viability, and cell morphology were assessed by Vicat needle measurement, a universal testing machine, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and WST-1 assay, respectively. The initial setting time of ProRoot® MTA and SavDen® MTA experienced a drastic decrease of 83.9% and 42.1% when deionized water was replaced by 5 wt% SF solution as the liquid phase. The DTS of SavDen® MTA showed a significant increase after set by the SF solution in 24 h. A human osteoblast-like cell (MG-63)-based WST-1 assay revealed that both ProRoot® MTA and SavDen® MTA hydrated using SF solution did not significantly differ (p > 0.05) in cell viability. MG-63 cells with pseudopodia attachments and nuclear protrusions represent a healthier and more adherent status on the surface of MTA when set with SF solution. The results suggest that the 5 wt% SF solution may be used as an alternative hydration accelerant for MTA in endodontic applications.
Highlights
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), a mixture of refined Portland cement and radiopacifier, is formulated as dental restorative materials for pulp capping, apexification, and root-end filling [1,2,3,4].Polymers 2020, 12, 994; doi:10.3390/polym12040994 www.mdpi.com/journal/polymersMixing MTA powders with deionized water creates a hydration reaction to form calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 ) and calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) providing unique antibacterial properties [5], sealing ability [6], biocompatibility [7], and promotion of hard-tissue formation [8,9]
Calcium lactate gluconate (CLG), a dual-function hydration accelerator, successfully improves the acquiescence of MTA by enhancing its clinical manageability and biocompatibility without aesthetic concerns caused by discoloration, which makes it more convenient for dentists during endodontic treatments [14,15]
The CaCl2 component of the silk fibroin (SF) solution, it acts as an accelerator for MTA setting
Summary
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), a mixture of refined Portland cement and radiopacifier, is formulated as dental restorative materials for pulp capping, apexification, and root-end filling [1,2,3,4].Polymers 2020, 12, 994; doi:10.3390/polym12040994 www.mdpi.com/journal/polymersMixing MTA powders with deionized water creates a hydration reaction to form calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 ) and calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) providing unique antibacterial properties [5], sealing ability [6], biocompatibility [7], and promotion of hard-tissue formation [8,9]. Calcium lactate gluconate (CLG), a dual-function hydration accelerator, successfully improves the acquiescence of MTA by enhancing its clinical manageability and biocompatibility without aesthetic concerns caused by discoloration, which makes it more convenient for dentists during endodontic treatments [14,15]. Even though this modified MTA overcomes many previous drawbacks, it has been reported that the addition of CLG adversely affected its diametral tensile strength (DTS) set after one day [15]
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