Abstract
BackgroundThe dopamine (DAT), noradrenalin (NET) and serotonin (SERT) transporters are molecular targets for different classes of psychotropic drugs. Cocaine and the SSRI (S)-citalopram block neurotransmitter reuptake competitively, but while cocaine is a non-selective reuptake inhibitor, (S)-citalopram is a selective SERT inhibitor.FindingsHere we present comparisons of the binding sites and the electrostatic potential surfaces (EPS) of DAT, NET and SERT homology models based on two different LeuTAa templates; with a substrate (leucine) in an occluded conformation (PDB id 2a65), and with an inhibitor (tryptophan) in an open-to-out conformation (PDB id 3f3a). In the occluded homology models, two conserved aromatic amino acids (tyrosine and phenylalanine) formed a gate between the putative binding pockets, and this contact was interrupted in the open to out conformation. The EPS of DAT and NET were generally negative in the vestibular area, whereas the EPS of the vestibular area of SERT was more neutral.ConclusionsThe findings presented here contribute as an update on the structure of the binding sites of DAT, NET and SERT. The updated models, which have larger ligand binding site areas than models based on other templates, may serve as improved tools for virtual ligand screening.
Highlights
The findings presented here contribute as an update on the structure of the binding sites of DAT, NET and SERT
There are three main dopaminergic pathways in the brain, the mesolimbic/mesocortical pathway involved in emotion- and drug-induced reward systems, the nigrostriatal pathway involved in motor control, and the tuberohypophyseal neurons involved in regulation of secretions from pituitary gland
Individuals with the hypodopaminergic trait involving an impairment of the reward cascade ("Brain Reward Cascade Model”) termed “Reward Deficiency syndrome” (RDS), which may be due to several genes, and due to environmental stimuli, have higher risk for substance abuse, impulsive behavior, eating bingeing
Summary
The findings presented here contribute as an update on the structure of the binding sites of DAT, NET and SERT. The updated models, which have larger ligand binding site areas than models based on other templates, may serve as improved tools for virtual ligand screening
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