Abstract
Abstract. Technology advancement has urged the development of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) to be upgraded and transformed. The main contribution of the InSAR technique is that the surface deformation changes measurements can achieve up to millimetre level precision. Environmental problems such as landslides, volcanoes, earthquakes, excessive underground water production, and other phenomena can cause the earth's surface deformation. Deformation monitoring of a surface is vital as unexpected movement, and future behaviour can be detected and predicted. InSAR time series analysis, known as Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI), has become an essential tool for measuring surface deformation. Therefore, this study provides a review of the PSI techniques used to measure surface deformation changes. An overview of surface deformation and the basic principles of the four techniques that have been developed from the improvement of Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PSInSAR), which is Small Baseline Subset (SBAS), Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers (StaMPS), SqueeSAR and Quasi Persistent Scatterer (QPS) were summarised to perceive the ability of these techniques in monitoring surface deformation. This study also emphasises the effectiveness and restrictions of each developed technique and how they suit Malaysia conditions and environment. The future outlook for Malaysia in realising the PSI techniques for structural monitoring also discussed in this review. Finally, this review will lead to the implementation of appropriate techniques and better preparation for the country's structural development.
Highlights
Surface deformation is described as a gradual and irreversible shift resulting in landslides, unstable slopes, collapses, and other hazards on loess slopes
The main problem with this original implementation of Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) is that this technique is unsuitable for measuring deformation or movement of surface in non-urban areas as the Persistent Scatterers (PS) points extracted from the images contain low spatial density
The breadth and depth of these four developed methods in monitoring surface deformation changes have become apparent to users
Summary
Surface deformation is described as a gradual and irreversible shift resulting in landslides, unstable slopes, collapses, and other hazards on loess slopes. The approach offers dense spatial and temporal restrictions on fault geometry source parameters as well as various physical mechanisms of intraplate and crustal faults over the world (Massonnet et al, 1993; Elliott et al, 2016) This technique offers extensive ground coverage at low expense, with the precision of a few centimetres to a few millimetres (Tosi et al, 2016). The "Persistent Scatterer Interferometric SAR (PSInSAR)" has been developed for precise surface deformation measurements using temporally stable persistent scatterers (Burgmann et al, 2000; Ferretti et al, 2001; Psimoulis et al, 2007). This paper will review the PSInSAR techniques that have been developed in order to monitor surface deformation changes.
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