Abstract
Change occurred after daily sessions in which nurses, charge aides, and psychiatric aides participated. Seminar-type discussions, conducted by a clinical psychologist (JRL), focused on the subjective feelings and interpersonal relationships between the participants, their fellow-workers, and their patients. A matched control group made it possible to show that custodialism can be reduced without necessarily altering the presumably more enduring traits of authoritarianism and tough-minded conservatism. A self-rating questionnaire was completed prior to the beginning of the sessions and 5 mo. after their termination. The questiomaire was made up of the Gilbert-Levinson CMI Scale (3 ) , and scales for au:horitarianism ( 1, 2 ) and tough-minded custodialism ( 2 ) . The lower the score, the more humanitarianism is indicated. In contrast to group therapy, the interpersonal in-group interaction was
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