Abstract
Abstract. Oxidative stress can be used to evaluate not only adverse health effects but also adverse ecological effects, but limited research uses eco-toxicological assay to assess the risks posed by particle matters to non-human biomes. One important reason might be that the concentration of toxic components of atmospheric particles is far below the high detection limit of eco-toxic measurement. To solve the rapid detection problem, we extended a versatile aerosol concentration enrichment system (VACES) for ecotoxicity aerosol measurement and firstly used VACES to provide a comparison of ecotoxicity between non-concentrated and concentrated aerosols in ambient air. In this study, the total concentration (number or mass), the concentration of chemical components and the ecotoxicity were all increased by approximately 7 to 10 times in VACES, making the detection of ecotoxicity above the baseline. The comparison of ecotoxicity data and PM2.5 concentration showed that low concentration was not matched with ecotoxicity, although high concentration corresponded to higher ecotoxicity. In addition, the higher saturation temperature in VACES caused a loss of particulate matter, of which nitrate accounted for about 18 %.
Highlights
Most toxicological studies focus on discovering the relationship between particulate matter and the morbidity or mortality of organisms (e.g., Vincent et al, 2001; Cox et al, 2016; Miri et al, 2018) or on exploring toxic mechanisms by exposure experiments (e.g., Magnani et al, 2016; Huang et al, 2017; Rychlik et al, 2019)
The condensed aerosols were drawn up to a virtual impactor where particle concentration by size was concentrated to a desired level by changing the ratio of the major-to-minor air flow controlled by a mass flow controller (MFC; D08-4F, Sevenstar, China)
By switching air pathways between ambient and versatile aerosol concentration enrichment system (VACES) and comparing their number and mass concentrations observed in a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS; differential mobility analyzer (DMA)+condensation particle counter (CPC)), we established optimal parameters for the desired enrichment factor (EF) (10) and EE (100 %)
Summary
Most toxicological studies focus on discovering the relationship between particulate matter and the morbidity or mortality of organisms (e.g., Vincent et al, 2001; Cox et al, 2016; Miri et al, 2018) or on exploring toxic mechanisms by exposure experiments (e.g., Magnani et al, 2016; Huang et al, 2017; Rychlik et al, 2019). The measurement of ecotoxicity data is rarely available because of technical limitations. It requires a long detection time due to animal and plant reproduction or cell cultivation (National Research Council, 2006), but the concentration and chemical composition of particulate matter in the atmosphere continue to change over time, especially during severe pollution (Shang et al, 2018a, b). Thereby, a short analyzing time is quite important. To solve this problem, photobacteria (e.g., Photobacterium phosphoreum are utilized in the ecotoxicity study of atmospheric particles because the detection was rapid (e.g., within 15 min) and the cultivation period is only 5 min (Jing et al, 2019). It had been reported that the Vibrio fischeri EC50 (median effective concentration) significantly correlated to rat and mouse LD50 (the lethal dose for 50 % of the animals tested) values, indicating the reliability of photobacterium-based ecotoxicity as-
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