Abstract
The generation of photo-realistic 3D models is an important task for digital recording of cultural heritage objects. This study proposes an image-based 3D modeling pipeline which takes advantage of a multi-camera configuration and multi-image matching technique that does not require any markers on or around the object. Multiple digital single lens reflex (DSLR) cameras are adopted and fixed with invariant relative orientations. Instead of photo-triangulation after image acquisition, calibration is performed to estimate the exterior orientation parameters of the multi-camera configuration which can be processed fully automatically using coded targets. The calibrated orientation parameters of all cameras are applied to images taken using the same camera configuration. This means that when performing multi-image matching for surface point cloud generation, the orientation parameters will remain the same as the calibrated results, even when the target has changed. Base on this invariant character, the whole 3D modeling pipeline can be performed completely automatically, once the whole system has been calibrated and the software was seamlessly integrated. Several experiments were conducted to prove the feasibility of the proposed system. Images observed include that of a human being, eight Buddhist statues, and a stone sculpture. The results for the stone sculpture, obtained with several multi-camera configurations were compared with a reference model acquired by an ATOS-I 2M active scanner. The best result has an absolute accuracy of 0.26 mm and a relative accuracy of 1:17,333. It demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed low-cost image-based 3D modeling pipeline and its applicability to a large quantity of antiques stored in a museum.
Highlights
The generation of a photo-realistic 3D model of close range objects is an important task for cultural heritage documentation [1,2,3,4,5], human face and torso modeling [6,7], industrial reverse engineering [8], etc.Since 1885 close range photogrammetry has been the method most often adopted for cultural heritage documentation [9]
The aim of this study is to provide an economical approach for antique 3D modelling based on close-range photogrammetric technology through a multi-camera configuration, which would be suited for the 3D modelling of the thousands of antiques of similar size stored in a museum, for example
To improve the efficiency of the current image-based 3D modeling approaches, this study proposes an economically advantageous and highly accurate 3D modeling pipeline
Summary
The generation of a photo-realistic 3D model of close range objects is an important task for cultural heritage documentation [1,2,3,4,5], human face and torso modeling [6,7], industrial reverse engineering [8], etc. The aim of this study is to provide an economical approach for antique 3D modelling based on close-range photogrammetric technology through a multi-camera configuration, which would be suited for the 3D modelling of the thousands of antiques of similar size stored in a museum, for example. The major issues to be dealt with in the whole 3D modelling pipeline system are: (1) how to perform quality assurance and obtain accurate interior orientation parameters (IOPs) and ROPs through single and multi-camera calibration, (2) how to obtain accurate and reliable 3D surface models through a multi-image matching technique, and (3) how to determine the most suitable multi-camera configuration to ensure accuracy and completeness. The object’s surface texture is important for digital documentation, it can be generated automatically once an accurate 3D surface model has been created through the suggested 3D modelling approach because the relationship between the object and image spaces are known. Remarks and findings will be provided in the conclusion
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