Abstract
Bioactive coatings on titanium surfaces represent a crucial strategy to enhance the success rate of titanium implants in diabetic patients. In this study, a chelate comprising chlorogenic acid (CGA) and strontium (Sr) was synthesized and subsequently immobilized onto titanium surface through aminoethyl-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (AEAPTMS) coupling, wherein AEAPTMS was selected from four silanes based on quantum chemistry analysis. This novel coating was characterized by XPS, SEM, contact angle measurements, and friction experiments, and its effects on cell adhesion, proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and mitochondrial function in a high-glucose environment were evaluated by comparison with the surface treatments of none, alkali thermal treatment, and physically immersed CGA&Sr solution. It was proven that CGA&Sr could be grafted onto the titanium surface by AEAPTMS coupling, via Si-O bonds and -NH-C = O- bonds at the two ends of AEAPTMS. Furthermore, it provided satisfactory friction resistance and hydrophilicity, as well as improvement in proliferation, adhesion, and osteogenic mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells in a high-glucose environment. The AEAPTMS-CGA&Sr coating significantly enhanced the osteogenic potential of cells by upregulating the expression levels of key osteogenesis-related genes such as—OCN, OSX, ALP, Runx2, and COL-1 and promoted the secretion of osteogenesis-related proteins. Mitochondrial dynamics analysis showed that CGA&Sr effectively restored hyperglycemia-induced alterations in mitochondrial dynamics and function by modulating the downregulation of mitochondrial fission genes Fis1 and Drp1, upregulating fusion genes Mfn1 and Mfn2, promoting recovery of mitochondrial membrane potential, and eliminating reactive oxygen species. The study results suggested that the AEAPTMS-CGA&Sr coating might be a promising strategy for modifying titanium implants for tolerance to a high-glucose environment.
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