Abstract
This article is the first of four articles designed to explore the complex interrelationship between Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD); Obsessive compulsive and Related Disorders (OCRD) and Tic Disorders/Tourette's Syndrome (TD/TS). We begin with an overview TD/TS and follow-up with reviews of OCRD and ASD. The final article in this series represents a synthesis of the neurobiological and genetic markers shared by patients presenting with all three syndromes. The goal is to describe the complex endophenotype of these patients in an effort to better define gene markers that underlie these heterogeneous clinical syndromes. Tic disorders (TD) are a collection of hyperkinetic movements that begin in early childhood. Tics are transient for most affected preschool children but a subgroup development persistent movements or progress to develop Tourette Syndrome (TS). TDs as a group display high heritability rates but definitive gene markers still elude us. The difficulty defining genetic markers is in large part due to the diverse neurodevelopmental trajectory, changing topography and typology, development of a broad spectrum of neurocognitive and behavioral complications, and a mixed pattern of psychiatric comorbidities.
Highlights
This paper is the first in a series designed to explore the complex genetic relationships between Tic Disorders (TD), Obsessive-compulsive and Related Disorders (OCRD), Intellectual Disability (ID or Intellectual Developmental Disorder), and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
The goal of this paper is to present Tic Disorders/Tourette’s Syndrome (TD/Tourette Syndrome (TS)) in terms of its diverse phenomenology, neurobiology and complex genetics
This paper addresses the complex neurobiology of TD/TS and provides a glimpse into a family of comorbid and co-occurring neuropsychiatric disorders
Summary
This paper is the first in a series designed to explore the complex genetic relationships between Tic Disorders (TD), Obsessive-compulsive and Related Disorders (OCRD), Intellectual Disability (ID or Intellectual Developmental Disorder), and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The focus of this initial paper is on Tic Disorders (TD)/Tourette Syndrome (TS). The goal of this paper is to present TD/TS in terms of its diverse phenomenology, neurobiology and complex genetics Subsequent articles in this series will apply this methodology to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Obsessive-compulsive and Related Disorders (OCRD). We will not formally discuss Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder) in our formulation, we acknowledge the critical role of ID (IDD) in shaping the severity of ASD; contributing to self-injurious behavior (SIB), aggression and stereotypies, and the clinical expression of TD/TS and OCRD [1,2,3,4,5,6]
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