A screening study of elemental composition in legume (Fabaceae sp.) cultivar from Serbia: Nutrient accumulation and risk assessment

Abstract

The study is the first analytical approach to evaluate thirteen elements’ profiles of 4 different species (Phaseolus spp., Vicia spp., Pisum spp. and Lathyrus spp.) comprising 38 varieties of legumes cultivated in Serbia. The inductively coupled plasma with an optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) was used to determine the levels of macro-, micro- and trace elemental contents, namely, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr and As, after microwave-assisted digestion. MANOVA was utilized to reveal significant differences in elemental composition within and between groups, while PCA to reveal the underlying patterns. Among the macroelements, the most abundant was K (8980.7–14177.4 mg kg−1), followed by P, Mg and Ca, being the highest in Phaseolus spp. The data revealed that the studied legumes generally contained a high amount of Zn and Fe, with Lathyrus spp. being the richest in Zn. The mean concentration of trace elements in the analyzed legume samples was in the following order: Ni (24.2–57 mg kg−1) > Cr (0.8–4.1 mg kg−1) > Pb (0.07–1.2 mg kg−1) > Cd (0–0.07 mg kg−1). The determined Pb and Cd contents in all cultivars exceeded the set maximum limits by European and Serbian legislation, having a potential for human health risk. Pattern recognition techniques applied to the data did not distinguish among the species, revealing a similar elemental profile. In conclusion, this study highlights legumes as an extremely valuable source of macro- and microelements, but also the importance of monitoring the level of heavy metals in this commonly consumed foodstuff.