Abstract
Design thinking as a mindset and as a process for design and business innovation receives a lot of attention. Thus, concrete and structured methods for design thinking need to be devised, and design thinking competencies should be fostered proactively. Design thinking is underpinned by visual thinking composed of interactive iterations of Seeing—Imagining—Drawing. The visual reasoning model developed to understand and support visual thinking describes the process with cognitive activities as well as knowledge and schema. The visual reasoning model could serve as a framework to devise structured methods and tools for design thinking and to foster design thinking competencies. It would be desirable if schema to serve as underlying models in imagining service activities are to be identified so that cognitive activities in seeing—imagining—drawing can be systematically structured in service design, where the objects of designing are human activities and experiences. In this paper, three structured design methods developed for service design have been described and characterized in the framework of the visual reasoning model. Particularly the context-based activity modeling has been demonstrated as schema in structured imagining of service activities for product-service systems, as it serves the underlying role in organizing information on human activities consistently and yet with different interactions with other constituents of these three imagining methods.
Highlights
Design Thinking has received a lot of attention as a problem-solving method applicable in business innovation and diverse complex problem-solving tasks, as well as in design [1,2,3]
This paper addresses one of the key constituents of the visual reasoning model, schema, in structured design methods
Design thinking as a mindset and as a process for design and business innovation receives a lot of attention
Summary
Design Thinking has received a lot of attention as a problem-solving method applicable in business innovation and diverse complex problem-solving tasks, as well as in design [1,2,3]. Studied using the visual reasoning model as an analysis tool to evaluate cognitive activities and creativity in design [18]. This paper addresses one of the key constituents of the visual reasoning model, schema, in structured design methods. Schema support organization of information in design reasoning Such schema should support generation and transformation, allow representation, or accommodate perception, Sustainability 2020, 12, 9558 analysis, and interpretation. The objective of this research is to demonstrate the context-based activity modeling (CBAM) of activities [27] as schema for systematic imagining methods for service design. Multiple specific imagining methods are characterized regarding how the schema is used with other key constituents of the methods by the visual reasoning model [16] developed to understand and support visual thinking. Potential contribution of the schema in devising the notion of sustainability features for design for circular economy and in development of integrated product and service lifecycle management is discussed in the last section
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