Abstract
An indepth three-dimensional investigation examined the surface morphological changes associated with the development of a typical marine hydrozoan early cleavage embryo into a mature planula larva. During hydrozoan embryogenesis the arrangement and distribution of surface microvilli change; cilia of some epitheliomuscle cells appear before embryos gastrulate; and the embryo undergoes dramatic changes in body shape. Early cleaving embryos are bizarre in morphology, however, by the end of late cleavage the embryos have rounded to form a sphere. Gastrulation is characterized by the appearance of a blastopore at the future posterior end of the planula and by the migration of cells over the margins of the blastopore to the inside of the embryo. The product of gastrulation is a young planula which elongates and decreases in overall diameter to form a mature planula that eventually attaches via its anterior end to a substrate and undergoes metamorphosis.
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