A scaling rule for power output of salt hydrate tablets for thermochemical energy storage

Abstract

Salt hydrates are thermochemical materials capable of storing and releasing heat through reversible reaction with water vapor. In a heat battery, salt hydrate tablets of millimeter size are necessary to ensure a sufficient permeability of the packed bed. A profound understanding of the hydration process of these tablets is required to improve their kinetic performance. In this study we show that the hydration timescale of salt tablets is transport limited and that it depends primarily on the porosity and on the driving force (Δp). From gravimetric measurements done on SrBr2·6H2O and CaC2O4 we derived the intrinsic reaction and effective diffusion coefficients (k and Deff) and found that they validate a front-diffusion limited hydration hypothesis. In particular, the obtained Deff values (0.8–4.5 mm2 s−1) only depend on the tablets' porosities. Based on these parameters, we calculated the second Damköhler number (DaII) and proved that many other hydration reactions are diffusion limited. In the case of identical structures, the power output is therefore controlled only by the driving force. Its variation could be predicted by calculation of a so-called power scaling factor (Λ) for a selection of salts. This power scaling factor depends on the enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) of the reaction. For a temperature output of 40 °C and at 12 mbar most hydration reactions fall in the interval 0<Λ<30 and Λ exceeds 30 only in very few cases. This parameter establishes therefore another important constraint to the selection of the most ideal salt. Suitable strategies to circumvent the diffusion limitation will lead to the development of next generation salt hydrate tablets for thermochemical energy storage.