Abstract
In recent years, IoT (Internet of Things) technologies have seen great advances, particularly, the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks (RPL), which provides a powerful and flexible routing framework that can be applied in a variety of application scenarios. In this context, as an important role of IoT, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can utilize RPL to design efficient routing protocols for a specific application to increase the ubiquity of networks with resource-constrained WSN nodes that are low-cost and easy to deploy. In this article, our work starts with the description of Agricultural Low-power and Lossy Networks (A-LLNs) complying with the LLN framework, and to clarify the requirements of this application-oriented routing solution. After a brief review of existing optimization techniques for RPL, our contribution is dedicated to a Scalable Context-Aware Objective Function (SCAOF) that can adapt RPL to the environmental monitoring of A-LLNs, through combining energy-aware, reliability-aware, robustness-aware and resource-aware contexts according to the composite routing metrics approach. The correct behavior of this enhanced RPL version (RPAL) was verified by performance evaluations on both simulation and field tests. The obtained experimental results confirm that SCAOF can deliver the desired advantages on network lifetime extension, and high reliability and efficiency in different simulation scenarios and hardware testbeds.
Highlights
Thanks to the rapid advances in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) domain, PrecisionAgriculture (PA, called precision farming in certain contexts) has started to emerge as a new trend in the agricultural sector in the past few years
To evaluate the performance benefits brought by our proposed Scalable Context-Aware Objective Function (SCAOF) and composite Routing Protocol for A-LLNs (RPAL) routing metrics, we have run a specific scenario with different levels of penetration of misbehaving nodes randomly distributed in the grid that is like previous experiments
ICT in agriculture needs the support of conventional WSN technology, and it is hoped that this work will become a driving force to push the use of WSNs in agriculture to the Internet of Things (IoT)
Summary
Function Zero for the Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks (RPL); Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): Fremont, CA, USA, 2012. A critical evaluation of the IPv6 routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL). In Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE 7th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob), Wuhan, China, 10–12 October 2011; pp. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Shanghai, China, 7–10 April 2013; pp. In Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE 8th International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor. Experimental evaluation of a routing protocol for wireless sensor networks: RPL under study. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Extending the Internet to Low. Power and Lossy Networks (IP+SN 2011), Chicago, IL, USA, 11 April 2011. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Seoul, Korea, 6–8 March 2014; pp. 437–441
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