Abstract
The 1920s were the formative years A. S. Makarenko, the pedagogical innovator who greatly influenced the mass education practices of his day, and the author of an original educational system that was based on education in and through the collective. In those years, the organization of educational collectives was a statewide problem because the entire system of public education had to be brought into line with the essence of the new [Soviet social] order. Society was confronted with the task of transforming the peoples' habits, which, in V. I. Lenin's words, for a long time have been defiled and debased by the accursed private ownership of the means of production (Complete Collected Works [Polnoe sobranie sochinenii], Vol. 41, p. 107).
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