Abstract
Digital microfluidic biochips (DMFBs) are attractive instruments for obtaining modern molecular biology and chemical measurements. Due to the increasingly complex measurements carried out on a DMFB, such chips are more prone to failure. To compensate for the shortcomings of the module-based DMFB, this paper proposes a routing-based fault repair method. The routing-based synthesis methodology ensures a much higher chip utilization factor by removing the virtual modules on the chip, as well as removing the extra electrodes needed as guard cells. In this paper, the routing problem is identified as a dynamic path-planning problem and mixed path design problem under certain constraints, and an improved Dijkstra and improved particle swarm optimization (ID-IPSO) algorithm is proposed. By introducing a cost function into the Dijkstra algorithm, the path-planning problem under dynamic obstacles is solved, and the problem of mixed path design is solved by redefining the position and velocity vectors of the particle swarm optimization. The ID-IPSO routing-based fault repair method is applied to a multibody fluid detection experiment. The proposed design method has a stronger optimization ability than the greedy algorithm. The algorithm is applied to , , and fault-free chips. The proposed ID-IPSO routing-based chip design method saves 13.9%, 14.3%, and 14.5% of the experiment completion time compared with the greedy algorithm. Compared with a modular fault repair method based on the genetic algorithm, the ID-IPSO routing-based fault repair method has greater advantages and can save 39.3% of the completion time on average in the completion of complex experiments. When the ratio of faulty electrodes is less than 12% and 23%, the modular and ID-IPSO routing-based fault repair methods, respectively, can guarantee a 100% failure repair rate. The utilization rate of the electrodes is 18% higher than that of the modular method, and the average electrode usage time is 17%. Therefore, the ID-IPSO routing-based fault repair method can accommodate more faulty electrodes for the same fault repair rate; the experiment completion time is shorter, the average number of electrodes is lower, and the security performance is better.
Highlights
With the continuing revolution in fabrication and packaging processes, microfluidics-based biochips, referred to as labs on chips, have the potential to replace conventional laboratory equipment due to their limited need for human intervention, their portability, and their high throughput and sensitivity [1,2]
Routing-based Digital microfluidic biochips (DMFBs) fault repair aims to complete the corresponding biochemical experiments on a chip with a fault using the routing-based repair method, and it involves the design and planning of the droplet path for the operation of the controlled droplets moving on the chip
We mapped the multiplexed experiment to digital microfluidic biochips
Summary
With the continuing revolution in fabrication and packaging processes, microfluidics-based biochips, referred to as labs on chips, have the potential to replace conventional laboratory equipment due to their limited need for human intervention, their portability, and their high throughput and sensitivity [1,2]. The authors of [27] proposed a novel heuristic routing technique for DMFB architecture to address routing complexities due to overlapping nets, interfering blockages, and deadlock zones formed by conflicting nets These works categorized various region-based movements of droplets on a chip and derived a metric named the snooping index to improve the routing performance of the droplets in the first phase. Routing-based fault repair method design removes the concept of a resource module, allowing the operation to perform biochemical experiments via any electrode sequence on the array. TThhiiss ppaappeerr pprrooppoosseess aann iimmpprroovveedd DDiijjkkssttrraa aanndd iimmpprroovveedd ppaarrttiiccllee sswwaarrmm ooppttiimmiizzaattiioonn ((IIDD--IIPPSSOO)) rroouuttiinngg--bbaasseedd ffaauulltt rreeppaaiirr mmeetthhoodd.
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