Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) modulate progression of certain solid tumors. The G-CSF- or GM-CSF-secreting cancers, albeit not very common are, however, among the most rapidly advancing ones due to a cytokine-mediated immune suppression and angiogenesis. Similarly, de novo angiogenesis and vasculogenesis may complicate adjuvant use of recombinant G-CSF or GM-CSF thus possibly contributing to a cancer relapse. Rapid diagnostic tools to differentiate G-CSF- or GM-CSF-secreting cancers are not well developed therefore hindering efforts to individualize treatments for these patients. Given an increasing utilization of adjuvant G-/GM-CSF in cancer therapy, we aimed to summarize recent studies exploring their roles in pathophysiology of solid tumors and to provide insights into some complexities of their therapeutic applications.
Highlights
Granulocyte and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF and GM-CSF, respectively) regulate maturation of progenitor cells in the bone marrow into differentiated granulocytes, macrophages, and the T cells
Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
We aimed to present recent advances in studies addressing putative mechanisms and therapeutic uses of Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and GM-CSF in several cancers of a nonmyeloid origin
Summary
Granulocyte and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF and GM-CSF, respectively) regulate maturation of progenitor cells in the bone marrow into differentiated granulocytes, macrophages, and the T cells. Recombinant G- or GM-CSFs are routinely used to correct neutropenia subsequent to chemotherapy and radiation. Adjuvant G-/GM-CSF treatments have been suggested to occasionally enable tumor growth. Such adverse treatment outcomes are thought to occur due to certain solid tumors being addicted to G-/GM-CSF-dependent signaling by expressing endogenous cytokines and/or their cognate receptors (G-/GM-CSFR). Clinical case reports reveal that newly diagnosed patients with G-/GM-CSF(R)-positive tumors a 2014 The Authors.
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