A risk signature of three autophagy-related genes for predicting lower grade glioma survival is associated with tumor immune microenvironment

Abstract

Treatment for lower-grade gliomas (LGG) has been challenging. Though emerging approaches such as immunotherapy is promising, it is still faced with immune tolerance, an obstacle that may be overcome by targeting autophagy-related (ATG) genes. After identifying three differentially expressed ATG genes (RIPK2, MUL1 and CXCR4), we constructed an ATG gene risk signature by Kaplan–Meier, univariate Cox regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression and multivariate Cox regression, followed by internal and external validation using K-M and ROC analysis. Since gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) suggested that the signature was strongly associated with immune cell functions, CIBERSORT, LM22 matrix and Pearson correlation were further performed, showing that the risk signature was significantly correlated with immune cell infiltration and immune checkpoint genes. In conclusion, we identified and independently validated an ATG gene risk signature for LGG patients, as well as discovering its significant association with LGG immune microenvironment.