Abstract
Genome editing is a relevant, versatile, and preferred tool for crop improvement, as well as for functional genomics. In this review, we summarize the advances in gene-editing techniques, such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like (TAL) effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) associated with the Cas9 and Cpf1 proteins. These tools support great opportunities for the future development of plant science and rapid remodeling of crops. Furthermore, we discuss the brief history of each tool and provide their comparison and different applications. Among the various genome-editing tools, CRISPR has become the most popular; hence, it is discussed in the greatest detail. CRISPR has helped clarify the genomic structure and its role in plants: For example, the transcriptional control of Cas9 and Cpf1, genetic locus monitoring, the mechanism and control of promoter activity, and the alteration and detection of epigenetic behavior between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) investigated based on genetic traits and related genome-wide studies. The present review describes how CRISPR/Cas9 systems can play a valuable role in the characterization of the genomic rearrangement and plant gene functions, as well as the improvement of the important traits of field crops with the greatest precision. In addition, the speed editing strategy of gene-family members was introduced to accelerate the applications of gene-editing systems to crop improvement. For this, the CRISPR technology has a valuable advantage that particularly holds the scientist’s mind, as it allows genome editing in multiple biological systems.
Highlights
The rapidly growing population and a wide range of competitive dairy products and meat are pushing agricultural output and expanding the demand for feed, food, biofuels, and livestock [1]
Gene-editing techniques, such as engineered endonucleases/meganucleases (EMNs), zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like (TAL) effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) [4], are important tools in plant research, as they allow the remodeling of future crops
Antibiotic and herbicide selection steps are adopted during post-transformation tissue culture and obstructed, which yield plants that regenerate from the induction cells of the callus that functionally express the CRISPR/Cas9 system
Summary
The rapidly growing population and a wide range of competitive dairy products and meat are pushing agricultural output and expanding the demand for feed, food, biofuels, and livestock [1]. The first generation of genome-editing techniques based on ZFNs was developed using chimerically engineered nucleases This approach was enabled by the discovery of the functional Cys2-His zinc-finger domain [4,22]. TALENs are preferred over ZFNs because their modulation is much simpler and cost effective, with a much lower off-target rate (Table 1) This genome-editing technique, which relies on the activity of RNA-guided nucleases and their mode of action, has gained much attention because of its versatility, potency, adequacy, and simplicity [32]. With the expansion of the plant genome-editing system, the expression cassette of CRISPR/Cas is transformed into the cells, incorporated into the nuclear genome, and expressed, followed by the cleavage of its target DNA sequence, usually 3 bp upstream of the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) site. Antibiotic and herbicide selection steps are adopted during post-transformation tissue culture and obstructed, which yield plants that regenerate from the induction cells of the callus that functionally express the CRISPR/Cas system
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