Abstract
Perovskite solar cells have achieved photo-conversion efficiencies greater than 20%, making them a promising candidate as an emerging solar cell technology. While perovskite solar cells are expected to eventually compete with existing silicon-based solar cells on the market, their long-term stability has become a major bottleneck. In particular, perovskite films are found to be very sensitive to external factors such as air, UV light, light soaking, thermal stress and others. Among these stressors, light, oxygen and moisture-induced degradation can be slowed by integrating barrier or interface layers within the device architecture. However, the most representative perovskite absorber material, CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3), appears to be thermally unstable even in an inert environment. This poses a substantial challenge for solar cell applications because device temperatures can be over 45 °C higher than ambient temperatures when operating under direct sunlight. Herein, recent advances in resolving thermal stability problems are highlighted through literature review. Moreover, the most recent and promising strategies for overcoming thermal degradation are also summarized.
Highlights
Increasing global demand for energy and continued reductions in fossil fuel-based energy sources call for the greater use of alternative renewable energy sources
Conings and co-workers [38] studied the thermal stability of perovskite solar cells with an ITO/TiO2 /MAPbI3 structure when subjected to heat treatment at 85 ◦ C for 24 h under various environmental conditions
In an inverted perovskite solar cell, that ions migrating from MAPbI3 thin film diffused through the Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) electron transport layer (ETL) and accumulated at the Ag surface in N2 at 85 ◦ C [71]
Summary
Increasing global demand for energy and continued reductions in fossil fuel-based energy sources call for the greater use of alternative renewable energy sources. Despite achieving lab-scale device efficiency comparable to that of commercially available solar cells, PSCs retain critical issues regarding stability. Since perovskite solar cells are prone to degradation when exposed to air, UV light, thermal stress (heat), light soaking, electric fields, and many other factors [14,15,16], they cannot currently achieve such a market requirement. Stability improvements could be achieved by device encapsulation, adding UV filters, and suppressing trap states for degradation caused by air, UV light, and electric fields, respectively [17,18,19,20], but degradation due to thermal stress is considered inevitable since it is difficult to avoid the temperature rise of the solar cells during operation. The available strategies to improve the thermal stability of perovskite solar cells are depicted
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