Abstract
Graves orbitopathy (GO) is associated with thyroid autoimmunity (AITD) and is highly complex. It is dened by the expansion and remodelling of the orbital tissue due to inammation of retrobulbar tissues, increased adipogenesis, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) accumulation in the extraocular muscles. GO is an extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease (GD) and can also be seen with Hashimoto's thyroiditis or Euthyroid Graves' Orbitopathy. (1) GO results from a complex interaction of endogenous (unmodiable) and exogenous/environmental (modiable) risk factors. The former include age, gender, and genetic factors. As described in a previous section of this manuscript, GO tends to be more severe in men, in whom it occurs at an older age than in women. Several modiable risk factors for the occurrence/progression have been identied. The modiable risk factors may include smoking, hyperthyroidism/ hypothyroidism, radioiodine treatment, oxidative Stress, TSH- Receptor Antibody Levels and hypercholesterolemia (2). The GO is usually mild and rarely progresses to the severe course can be managed by restoring the euthyroid state.
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