Abstract
The reduction of energy consumption has become a key research area for the information and communication technology (ICT) industry, due to economical, environmental, and marketing reasons. While the environmental direction aims at minimization of greenhouse gas emissions by enforcing the usage of renewable energy in the ICT industry, economical and marketing directions lead researchers to design low-power components or develop and enhance energy-saving protocols without an impact on the level of the performance. With the steady increase in the cost of energy, the expanding number of energy-hungry components and widespread usage of ICT industry, most of the protocols that have become an integral part of our lives but are yet developed without any energy constraints in mind in the past will need to be restructured or developed again. For this reason, researchers are studying on all layers of the Internet protocol stack to develop energy-efficient protocols and algorithms. This paper reviews recent approaches for energy efficiency studies for each layer in the Internet protocol stack from the physical layer to the application layer. It is expected that with the deployment of current research output, the studies performed at each layer will result in significant energy savings for the ICT industry which in turn will have a positive impact on our lives for their economical and environmental results.
Highlights
Nowadays, the information and communication technology (ICT) industry represents an important source of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions
Progressive Energy-Efficient Routing (PEER) reduces energy consumption by approximately 25% compared to AODV and 40% compared to Minimum Total Reliable Transmission Power (MTRTP) in the mobile scenario
Various analyses indicate that the ICT industry is responsible for 2% to 10% of the global energy consumption and the weight of ICT is expected to increase as we continue to integrate ICT technologies in our daily lives
Summary
The information and communication technology (ICT) industry represents an important source of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. While the focus of the environmental view of green communications aims at minimizing greenhouse gas emissions and the focus of the engineering view of green communications tries to find ways of reducing the energy usage in the sector, both views expect similar outcomes Based on these facts, network and communication devices, protocols, and algorithms should be aware of the energy that they consume to make efficient and responsible decisions, as energy consumption and other green issues are fast becoming the ICT industry’s biggest challenge. A MAC protocol reducing the number of collisions with effective usage of radio interfaces can result in significant savings Another important area for conservation of energy is scheduling algorithms. Developing efficient algorithms for mobile ad hoc networks and wireless sensor networks might help to reduce energy
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