Abstract
Construction industries consume huge amounts of potable water during activities such as washing of aggregates, stone crushing, manufacturing, and curing of concrete, mortars, grouts, and wetting of masonry bricks. It is also responsible for wastewater generated during the finishing and cleaning of buildings and construction equipment. Therefore, the water-footprint of construction industry cannot be ignored to reach the state-of-the art sustainability. This study reviewed the technical properties of construction materials made with non-potable water (NPW), i.e., domestic and industrial sewage. The study identified the positive and negative effects of non-potable water on the fresh- and hardened-state properties of concrete. This study also identified the gaps in the literature that can be analysed in order to produce reliable information related to the use of different types of NPW on the properties of concrete.
Highlights
Depletion of fresh water resources has increased due to climate changes, urbanization and industrialization [1,2]
Fresh water plays an important role in the different phases of concrete production and construction, i.e., aggregates cleaning, mixing, and curing of concrete, and cleaning of machinery and batching plants
Miller et al [1] reported that 9% industrial extraction of fresh water is used by concrete industry, which accounts for up to 1.7% of the total extraction of fresh water
Summary
Depletion of fresh water resources has increased due to climate changes, urbanization and industrialization [1,2]. To overcome the above issue, some studies suggest that, apart from potable water, treated heavy industry [9], treated palm-oil mill [9], fertilizer factory [10], reverse osmosis filter [11], polished filter [12], sugar factory [10,11], stone slurry [13], tanning industry [13], polyvinyl acetate [14], textile factory [10] and service station [10] WW can be used as mixing water in concrete. Some of the properties such as carbonation have not been considered because there were not many reliable sources
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
