Abstract
Oroxylum indicum, Sonapatha is traditionally used to treat asthma, biliousness, bronchitis, diarrhea, dysentery, fevers, vomiting, inflammation, leukoderma, skin diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, wound injury, and deworm intestine. This review has been written by collecting the relevant information from published material on various ethnomedicinal and pharmacological aspects of Sonapatha by making an internet, PubMed, SciFinder, Science direct, and Google Scholar search. Various experimental studies have shown that Sonapatha scavenges different free radicals and possesses alkaloids, flavonoids, cardio glycosides, tannins, sterols, phenols, saponins, and other phytochemicals. Numerous active principles including oroxylin A, chrysin, scutellarin, baicalein, and many more have been isolated from the different parts of Sonapatha. Sonapatha acts against microbial infection, cancer, hepatic, gastrointestinal, cardiac, and diabetic disorders. It is useful in the treatment of obesity and wound healing in in vitro and in vivo preclinical models. Sonapatha elevates glutathione, glutathione-s-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase levels and reduces aspartate transaminase alanine aminotransaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and lipid peroxidation levels in various tissues. Sonapatha activates the expression of p53, pRb, Fas, FasL, IL-12, and caspases and inhibited nuclear factor kappa (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), interleukin (IL6), P38 activated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), fatty acid synthetase (FAS), sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 1c (SREBP-1c), proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2), glucose transporter (GLUT4), leptin, and HPV18 oncoproteins E6 and E7 at the molecular level, which may be responsible for its medicinal properties. The phytoconstituents of Sonapatha including oroxylin A, chrysin, and baicalein inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in in vitro and in vivo experimental models, indicating its potential to contain COVID-19 infection in humans. The experimental studies in various preclinical models validate the use of Sonapatha in ethnomedicine and Ayurveda.
Highlights
Oroxylum indicum belongs to the family Bignoniaceae and is known as Arthrophyllum reticulatum Blume ex Miq., Bignonia lugubris Salisb., Bignonia indica L., Bignonia tripinnata Noronha, Bignonia pentandra Lour., Bignonia quadripinnata Blanco, Bignonia tuberculate Roxb. ex DC., Hippoxylon indica (L.) Raf., Calosanthes indica (L.) Blume, Oroxylum flavum Rehder, and Spathodea indica (L.) Pers
The study of mRNA expression showed that 200 μg/mL fruit extract suppressed the expression of fatty acid synthetase (FAS), sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 1c (SREBP-1c), proliferatoractivated receptor-γ2 (PPARγ2), glucose transporter (GLUT4), and leptin in adipocytes indicating its potential as an antiobesity agent [97]
The therapeutic potential of Sonapatha seems to be due to its ability to scavenge free radicals, elevate GSH, GST, GPx, catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, and reduce lipid peroxidation (LOO), as most human ailments are triggered by increased oxidative stress
Summary
Oroxylum indicum belongs to the family Bignoniaceae and is known as Arthrophyllum reticulatum Blume ex Miq., Bignonia lugubris Salisb., Bignonia indica L., Bignonia tripinnata Noronha, Bignonia pentandra Lour., Bignonia quadripinnata Blanco, Bignonia tuberculate Roxb. ex DC., Hippoxylon indica (L.) Raf., Calosanthes indica (L.) Blume, Oroxylum flavum Rehder, and Spathodea indica (L.) Pers. Oroxylum indicum belongs to the family Bignoniaceae and is known as Arthrophyllum reticulatum Blume ex Miq., Bignonia lugubris Salisb., Bignonia indica L., Bignonia tripinnata Noronha, Bignonia pentandra Lour., Bignonia quadripinnata Blanco, Bignonia tuberculate Roxb. Oroxylum indicum is commonly known as the tree of Damocles in English and Sonapatha or Shyonak in Hindi. The trunk of Sonapatha is around 40 cm in diameter, and the stem bark is light brown or greyish-brown colored, which is soft and spongy with numerous corky lenticels. The leaflets are 4–15 cm × 3–9 cm in size with a cuneate base. The leaflets are 4–15 cm × 3–9 cm in size with a cuneate base aannddssccaatttteerreeddggllaannddssoonntthheelloowweerrssuurrffaaccee. IInnflfloorreesscceennccee ooff SSoonnaappaatthhaa iiss aann eerreecctt rraacceemmee,, tteerrmmiinnaall,, aanndd 2255––115500 ccmmlloonngg,,wwiitthhppaarrttiittiioonneeddppeedduunncclleerraacchhiiss((FFigiguurree11).).FFlloowweerrssaarree bbiisseexxuuaall,, ccoonnttaaiinniinngg 22––44 ccmm lloonngg ppeeddiicceell,, bbrraacctteeoollaattee,, ccoorriiaacceeoouuss ccaallyyxx,, aanndd ccaammppaannuullaattee. FFiigguurree11..OOrrooxxyylulummininddiciucumm: :(a(a):):wwhhooleletrteree;e(;b()b: )l:elaevaevse; s(c; )(:cs):tesmte;m(d; )(:ds)t:esmtembarbka;r(ke;):(efl)o: wfloewrs;e(rfs);: (ffr)u: its. fruits
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