Abstract
The utilisation of metals and alloys in the biomedical field was and is still of immense importance for human life. Typically, the materials used for metallic biomedical applications, particularly those are implanted in vivo, provide appropriate mechanical and biological properties that allow them to accomplish the purpose for which they are used. Nonetheless, there are some inherent limitations impede the optimal use of these materials. One of the most crucial determinants is corrosion, which results in several other problems such as the formation of toxic substances that can not only cause necrosis of the cells attached to the implant, these toxins could also be carried by blood into body tissues and organs. This in turn leads to dire consequences on patient's life. Although a wide variety of approaches may be available to address the corrosion issue, it is alleged that coating these metals and alloys with polymers, especially the conductive ones, is among the best strategies in this regard.
 This review will highlight the latest developments in using conductive polymers including polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene and their composites in order to enhance biocompatibility, mechanical properties and most importantly corrosion protection performance of metallic implants. The findings obtained from coating 316L stainless steel, titanium and magnesium alloys, which have been widely manipulated in biomedical field as long and short-term implants, will be evaluated.
Highlights
Metallic materials have an essential role to play as biomaterials due to the fact that they can regenerate or replace the damaged tissue and some of the body parts
Despite the many advantages that these materials offer, biocompatibility and corrosion resistance limitations impose an urgent need to find approaches to improve their performance closely to what is found in human body
Abundant studies have been conducting to enhance these properties through a wide range of techniques, perhaps the most important of which is coating these materials with conducting polymers (CPs) such as PPy, PANI, PEDOT and their composites
Summary
Metallic materials have an essential role to play as biomaterials due to the fact that they can regenerate or replace the damaged tissue and some of the body parts. The innocuous degradable products that are excreted in urine eliminates the need for a second operation to remove the biodegradable Mgbased implant; this greatly reduces the financial burden and patient concerns These alloys can be even more appropriate for bone tissue applications due to the comparable mechanical properties as well as to the capability of these materials to promote bone growth and adjust neuromuscular activity [46], [47]. Despite such merits, enhancing the cytocompatibility and controlling the degradation rate of Mg alloys to be utilised for bone tissue regeneration need further work to be done [48]-[50]. More merits can be offered by biodegradable and resorbable polymers in comparison with coatings of metals or ceramics, in terms of ease of manufacture and lower levels of possible infection and implant rejection [61][65]
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