Abstract
Due to the impacts of water scarcity, the world is looking at all possible solutions for decreasing the over-exploitation of finite freshwater resources. Wastewater is one of the most reliable and accessible water supplies. As the population expands, so do industrial, agricultural, and household operations in order to meet man’s enormous demands. These operations generate huge amounts of wastewater, which may be recovered and used for a variety of reasons. Conventional wastewater treatment techniques have had some success in treating effluents for discharge throughout the years. However, advances in wastewater treatment techniques are required to make treated wastewater suitable for industrial, agricultural, and household use. Diverse techniques for removing heavy metal ions from various water and wastewater sources have been described. These treatments can be categorized as adsorption, membrane, chemical, or electric. Membrane technology has been developed as a popular alternative for recovering and reusing water from various water and wastewater sources. This study integrates useful membrane technology techniques for water and wastewater treatment containing heavy metals, with the objective of establishing a low-cost, high-efficiency method as well as ideal production conditions: low-cost, high-efficiency selective membranes, and maximum flexibility and selectivity. Future studies should concentrate on eco-friendly, cost-effective, and long-term materials and procedures.
Highlights
Fresh water resources (H2O) are used in all areas of life
In addition to the complex macromolecular products that affect the quality of H2O and the chemical and biological degradation of animal and plant residues combined with inorganic ions, NOM exists in surface H2O, underground, and in seawater composed of humic acid substances [30]
UF is used for separating proteins from buffer components for buffer exchange, desalting or concentration, removing or exchanging sugars, non-aqueous solvents, separating free from protein-binding ligands, removing low molecular weight materials, or rapidly changing environmental ions and the pH value depends on the protein to be retained, and the most commonly used membranes have a nominal molecular weight limit (NMWL) of 3–100 kDa
Summary
Fresh water resources (H2O) are used in all areas of life. Water pollution is a major issue related to human health, and it circulates widely and causes water shortages. Wastewater treatment typically consists of three stages [10]: primary, secondary, and tertiary (Figure 2). After the primary and secondary treatments, certain unwanted materials remain in the treated water; the tertiary treatment acts as a polishing unit to eliminate such matter. In most cases, these therapies include a mix of physical, chemical, and biological activities [11]. Stkrimemaitnmg ents, chamber certain unwanted materiaAelrsatiroen main in the treated water; the tertiary treatment acts as a polishing unit to eliminate such matter.
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