Abstract
Over the past three decades, controlled drug delivery systems have become more developed and play a key role in pharmaceuticals formulations. There are many shortcomings in Traditional or Conventional drug delivery systems like for maintaining desired therapeutic drug plasma concentration there is a need for frequent dosing for particular drugs having shorter half-lives. Furthermore, because of frequent dosing requirement, there is poor patient compliance which causes fluctuation in plasma concentration of the drug. The limitations of conventional drug delivery can be overcome by the development of novel drug delivery systems, of which the controlled drug delivery can maintain constant drug plasma concentration by slowly releasing the drug over an extended period. Developing controlled drug delivery systems can also improve the systemic bioavailability of the drug, thus enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of the drug and better patient compliance. There are many different approaches for such controlled delivery systems such as liposomes, niosomes, ethosomes, phytosomes, microemulsion, and microspheres. Among all the approaches microspheres are more convenient as the drug is slowly released from the polymeric matrix and the polymers used are mostly biodegradable and possess no side effects. Therefore, microspheres can be used in various medicinal departments such as oncology, gynecology, radiology, pulmonary, cardiology, diabetes, and vaccine therapy. This review article focuses on recent different types of microspheres along with their methods of preparation. The microspheres formulated can be later evaluated and characterized by different procedures.
Highlights
Over 90% of the existing therapeutics is administered through the most preferable and convenient route, that is, the oral route of drug administration
The conventional oral drug delivery systems have a limitation of poor therapeutic efficacy due to frequent dosing of drug to achieve constant plasma concentration and poor patient compliance
The other phase is organic phase consists of polymer solution in an organic volatile solvent such as acetone and DCM aqueous and the organic phase should be mixed with high-speed homogenization which leads to the formation of w/o emulsion this emulsion is added in the large aqueous phase to form w/o/w emulsion if necessary
Summary
Over 90% of the existing therapeutics is administered through the most preferable and convenient route, that is, the oral route of drug administration. The conventional oral drug delivery systems have a limitation of poor therapeutic efficacy due to frequent dosing of drug to achieve constant plasma concentration and poor patient compliance. Such pharmacokinetic limitations can be overcome by improving the dosage form to release the drug slowly in a controlled manner over an extended period of time. One such approach is microspheres known as microparticles [1]. Microspheres are characterized as spherical microparticulate and free-flowing powders consisting of biodegradable polymers mostly. Microspheres are designed to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of the drug and achieve better bioavailability thereby minimizing the toxicity and minimal side effects [2]
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