Abstract
Annually, approximately 3 billion tires are commercially transacted worldwide each year and an equivalent amount is disposed of by the end of their life. Despite the increase in the life of tires and the global economic and pandemic crisis, the number of discarded tires is going to rise further due to the increasing demand for vehicles worldwide (approximately 5 billion tires by the end of 2030). The obsolete methods of tire disposal, including landfill, burning, etc., are a responsible for environmental issues (harmful substances production, air and soil pollution) and for the transmission of various diseases. Nowadays, approximately 70% of the total tires at the end of their life (ELTs) is recovered. The largest percentage of the recovered ELTs is intended for energy production or recovery as a fuel in cement industries or can be used for the production of various materials. A significant amount (approximately 95%) of the discarded ELTs can be reused. The products from the processing of ELTs can be fragments of different sizes and types, including: Trimmed rubber (70% by weight), steel wire (5–30% by weight), and fluff or textile fibers (up to 15% by weight). From the aforementioned materials, rubber and steel wires are mainly recovered and used for numerous applications. However, current ways of utilizing these materials will have to adapt or change in the near future, in order to comply with stricter regulations. The purpose of the current study is to sufficiently review recent progress on the management of ELTs, focusing on alternative uses of textile fibers such as additive for sound absorbing materials, bituminous conglomerates, concrete production, plastic materials, soil reinforcement, etc.
Highlights
The constant increase of waste around the world is one of the most important issues that modern society is called to face, as they are connected to global pollution
In Europe, the relatively recent Directive 2008/98/EC [9] on the waste management along with Directive 2009/28/EC [10] that subsidizes the biomass fraction of waste led to the reduction of landfills, increase of recycling of special waste streams and municipal solid waste (MSW), and the production of secondary fuels (RDF-refuse derived fuel, SRF—solid recovered fuel, etc.), which are already used as energy recovery materials in various applications
In 2018, more than 3.1 million tons of end-of-life tires (ELTs) was managed in the EU28, which led to 1,815,220 t of material recovery and 1,150,880 t ELTs were used for energy purposes [20]
Summary
The constant increase of waste around the world is one of the most important issues that modern society is called to face, as they are connected to global pollution. EU has included specific directives in this area [7] Both European and national legislations are mainly based on the extended producer responsibility, concerning those involved in the waste management of their products [8]. In Europe, the relatively recent Directive 2008/98/EC [9] on the waste management along with Directive 2009/28/EC [10] that subsidizes the biomass fraction of waste led to the reduction of landfills, increase of recycling of special waste streams (tires) and municipal solid waste (MSW), and the production of secondary fuels (RDF-refuse derived fuel, SRF—solid recovered fuel, etc.), which are already used as energy recovery materials in various applications (cement industry, central cogeneration units, large thermal power plants, etc.). The present study focuses on recent aspects concerning the management of ELTs and new alternative ways of treating textile fibers, a byproduct of ELTs processing that so far has not attracted much of the attention of recent literature
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