Abstract
As the nasal mucosa is generally the first site of infection, intranasal vaccinations have a distinct advantage over conventional COVID-19 vaccines. According to preclinical and clinical investigations, intranasal vaccination results in significant neutralizing antibody production and mucosal IgA and T cell responses, which prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. The nasal formulations are non-invasive and have a lot of patient appeals. Intranasal vaccinations allow for self-administration and may be made to persist at room temperature, reducing transportation and storage logistics. We give an overview of nasal vaccinations in this review, with an emphasis on formulation development and ongoing preclinical studies and clinical investigations for SARS-CoV-2 intranasal vaccine preparations.
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