A Review on Ecosegregation and Parasitocoenosis of Helminthes: Perspective to Health and Sustainability

Abstract

The parasitic helminthes are a group of invertebrates and including animals which have been adapted themselves to the parasitic mode of life. These are belonging to two important phyla namely, platyhelminthes and Aschelminthes. The parasites are those organism which lives at the expense of other organism, and in return causes injury or harm to the host. Thus it is an association in which one organism i.e. the parasite, is benefited while another one, the host, is harmed is called parasitism; however, behavior, occurrence, establishment and cuases of of parasitism known as parasitocoenosis. The parasitism has evolved accidently as a result of contact between different forms of animals, mainly for the purpose of obtaining nourishment and receiving shelter. An ideal parasite never causes too much harm to its host because if the host dies the parasite depending upon the host will also have to die. The parasitism and parasitocoenosis is a matter of conflict and ambiguity either it is structured association based on ecosegregation and microhabitat specificity or a stochastic assemblages and accidental contact due to utilization of common habitat and life style. The helminthes zoonotic infections are among the most common on erath and are responsible for major human infectious diseases. Some of the most important and well known human zoonoses are caused by parasitic helminthes including anisakiasis, trichinellosis, cysticercosis, echinococcosis, schistosomiasis, etc. However, along with social, epidemiological and environmental changes, together with improvements in our ability to diagnose helminth infections, several neglected parasite species are now fast-becoming recognized as important zoonotic diseases of humans, e.g., anasakiasis, several fish-borne trematodiasis and fasciolosis. In the present review, we discuss the current status of the primary helminth zoonotic infections with particular emphasis on their ecosegregation and parasitocoenosis. Advances in molecular biology, proteomics and the release of helminth genome-sequencing project data are revolutionizing parasitology research. The authors wish to suppose and hupothesize the application of these powerful experimental approaches, and their potential benefits to helminth biology and definitely these contrivances will be the mile stone to the future control of helminth infections of animals and humans.