Abstract
Binder jet additive manufacturing enables the production of complex components for numerous applications. Binder jetting is the only powder bed additive manufacturing process that is not fusion-based, thus manufactured parts have no residual stresses as opposed to laser-based additive manufacturing processes. Binder jet technology can be adopted for the production of various small and large metallic parts for specific applications, including in the biomedical and energy sectors, at a lower cost and shorter lead time. One of the most well-known types of stainless steels for various industries is 316L, which has been extensively manufactured using binder jet technology. Binder jet manufactured 316L parts have obtained near full density and, in some cases, similar mechanical properties compared to conventionally manufactured parts. This article introduces methods, principles, and applications of binder jetting of SS 316L. Details of binder jetting processes, including powder characteristics (shape and size), binder properties (binder chemistry and droplet formation mechanism), printing process parameters (such as layer thickness, binder saturation, drying time), and post-processing sintering mechanism and densification processes, are carefully reviewed. Furthermore, critical factors in the selection of feedstock, printing parameters, sintering temperature, time, atmosphere, and heating rate of 316L binder jet manufactured parts are highlighted and summarized. Finally, the above-mentioned processing parameters are correlated with final density and mechanical properties of 316L components to establish a guideline on feedstock selection and process parameters optimization to achieve desired density, structure and properties for various applications.
Highlights
Additive manufacturing (AM) is getting more attention because of manufacturing complex geometric parts directly from computer-aided design (CAD) files that cannot be produced by traditional manufacturing processes at a significantly reduced cost, energy, and material consumption, chemical waste, process steps, and human resources [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
Stainless steels are known for high corrosion resistance due to the formation of chromium oxide (Cr2O3) passive film on the surface of the material that protects the surface from further oxidation [48], and their oxidation resistance increases with chromium content [42]
Higher density was obtained from smaller particles because the densification rate decreased with increasing particle size
Summary
Additive manufacturing (AM) is getting more attention because of manufacturing complex geometric parts directly from computer-aided design (CAD) files that cannot be produced by traditional manufacturing processes at a significantly reduced cost, energy, and material consumption, chemical waste, process steps, and human resources [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. AM processes selectively add materials layer-by-layer, to build apart from three-dimensional (3D) models [9,10,11,12]. AM technology potentially affects machinery, assembly processes, and supply chains in traditional production models [11,13]. BBiinnddeerrjejettmmeetthhooddsseelleeccttiivveelylypprrininttssaabbiinnddeerroonntthheeppoowwddeerrbbeeddttoojjooiinntthhee ppoowwddeerrssllaayyeerr--bbyy--llaayyeerr aanndd,,foforrmmaaggrereenenpparatrt[1[41,41,51,52,62–92]9.]B. .BBininddeerrjejet tpprrinintitninggpprroocceesssssshhoowwnnininFFigiguurree11, ,bbeeggininsswwitithhsspprreeaaddininggaatthhiinnllaayyeerrooff ppoowwddeerr iinn tthhee pprriinntt bbeedd. BBJJpprrinintitninggpprroocceessssccaannbbeeaacccceelleerraatteeddbbyy iinnccrreeaassiinngg tthhee nnuummbbeerr ooff pprriinntt hheeaadd nnoozzzzlleess [[55,,1122]]. Reducing porosity in the printed part can significantly improve the mechanical. AAlltthhoouugghh BBJJ hhaass mmaannyy aaddvvaannttaaggeess,, ttoo bbee wwiiddeellyy aaddoopptteedd iinn aallll iinndduussttrriieess,, iinncclluuddiinngg aauuttoommoottiivvee,, aaeerroossppaaccee,, mmeeddiiccaall,, aanndd bbiioommeeddiiccaall,, tthhee ooppttiimmaall BBJJ pprroocceessss nneeeeddss ttoo bbee iiddeennttiiffiieedd. TThhee ccuurrrerennt tstsattautsuosf obfinbdienrdjeerttijnegttionfgSSo3f 1S6SL p31ro6vLidpersoavnideexsteannsiveextdeantsaivoen sdealteactioonn oseflfeecetdiosntocokf (fee.egd.,sptoocwkd(eer.gs).,apnodwsdinetresr)ianngdpsroinfitleersintog opbrtoafiinlens etoarofbutlalidnennesaitryf.uHllodweenvseitry, .thHeorewiesvaegr,atpheinrethiseacugarrpenint ltihteercauturrreenftorlitseerlaetcutirnegfothreseolpetcitminagl tbhinedoeprtiamndalibdienndteifryainngdtihdeenrotilfeyoinfgbitnhdeerroolenotfhebifinndaelrdoenntshiteyfainnadl ddiemnesintsyioannadl adccimureancysioonf athl eapcacurtrsa. cFyurotfhetrhmeoprea,rmts.ecFhuarntihcearlmproorpe,ermtieeschinancuicrarlenptrloitpeerarttiuerse inneecdutrorebnet elivtearluatauterednaeneddatnoablyezeevdaleuxatetendsiavneldyatnoarleypzoerdt erexltieanbsleivaenlydtroepreepaotarbt lreeldiaabtale. and repeatable data
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