A review on antimicrobial nano-based edible packaging: Sustainable applications and emerging trends in food industry

Abstract

Antimicrobial nano-based edible packaging, which has become more popular and sustainable as compared to synthetic packaging systems, needs to be adopted by most of the food industries to reduce food spoilage. On the other hand, food security is one of the most unprecedented and challenging issues that has been witnessed by all countries with their growing population. Hence, the interplay between the role of nano-based edible packaging and reduction in food spoilage poses the concern of an environment-economic paradox. The application of nanotechnology in food packaging plays a significant role in delivering qualitative food products to consumers with prolonged shelf life. Nanotechnology brings new horizons to the food industry, expecting consumers’ demand for marginally refined, nutritious food products at a reasonable price. Major advantages of nanoparticle application in food packaging include physico-chemical properties, enhanced mechanical strength, and antimicrobial characteristics. This paper deals with the recent advancements in edible coating films using nanotechnology and their role in food packaging. Mainly, this review discusses the benefits and components of edible coating films. Additionally, we highlighted the antimicrobial activities and applications of various metal-based nanoparticles in the food industry. Furthermore, we focus on the synthesis of nanoparticles, their biopolymer matrices, applied food products, antimicrobial mechanisms, and target microorganisms. And we briefly summarise several types of advanced packaging strategies. Based on the extensive review of literature, we provide adequate knowledge on the advantages of edible coating films, along with the incorporation of nanoparticles and their synthesis. Moreover, this review revealed that the nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties exhibit biocidal activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Nevertheless, we find the toxicity, risk associated with nanoparticles, and consumer adaptability are not clearly explored in the existing literature; therefore, potential industrial policies should be formulated to re-evaluate.