Abstract
Antibiotics are the ‘wonder drugs’ to combat microbes. For decades, multiple varieties of antibiotics have not only been used for therapeutic purposes but practiced prophylactically across other industries such as agriculture and animal husbandry. Uncertainty has arisen, as microbes have become resistant to common antibiotics while the host remains unaware that antibiotic resistance has emerged. The aim of this review is to explore the origin, development, and the current state of antibiotic resistance, regulation, and challenges by examining available literature. We found that antibiotic resistance is increasing at an alarming rate. A growing list of infections i.e., pneumonia, tuberculosis, and gonorrhea are becoming harder and at times impossible to treat while antibiotics are becoming less effective. Antibiotic-resistant infections correlate with the level of antibiotic consumption. Non-judicial use of antibiotics is mostly responsible for making the microbes resistant. The antibiotic treatment repertoire for existing or emerging hard-to-treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections is limited, resulting in high morbidity and mortality report. This review article reiterates the optimal use of antimicrobial medicines in human and animal health to reduce antibiotic resistance. Evidence from the literature suggests that the knowledge regarding antibiotic resistance in the population is still scarce. Therefore, the need of educating patients and the public is essential to fight against the antimicrobial resistance battle.
Highlights
BackgroundAntibiotics, either are cytotoxic or cytostatic to the micro-organisms, allowing the body’s natural defenses, such as the immune system, to eliminate them
They often act by inhibiting the synthesis of a bacterial cell, synthesis of proteins, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), by a membrane disorganizing agent, or other specific actions [1]
Antibiotics may enter the cell wall of the bacteria by binding to them, using the energy-dependent transport mechanisms in ribosomal sites, which subsequently leads to the inhibition of the protein synthesis [2]
Summary
Sojib Bin Zaman 1 , Muhammed Awlad Hussain 2 , Rachel Nye 3 , Varshil Mehta 4 , Kazi Taib Mamun 5 , Naznin Hossain 6. 1. Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Thailand 2. Projahnmo Study Site, Johns Hopkin's University Bangladesh 3. Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, BGD 6.
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