Abstract
Microbes are widespread and have been much more studied in recent years. In this review, we describe detailed information on airborne microbes that commonly originate from soil and water through liquid–air and soil–air interface. The common bacteria and fungi in the atmosphere are the phyla of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroides, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Rozellomycota that include most pathogens leading to several health problems. In addition, the stability of microbial community structure in bioaerosols could be affected by many factors and some special weather conditions like dust events even can transport foreign pathogens to other regions, affecting human health. Such environments are common for a particular place and affect the nature and interaction of airborne microbes with them. For instance, meteorological factors, haze and foggy days greatly influence the concentration and abundance of airborne microbes. However, as microorganisms in the atmosphere are attached on particulate matters (PM), the high concentration of chemical pollutants in PM tends to restrain the growth of microbes, especially gathering atmospheric pollutants in heavy haze days. Moreover, moderate haze concentration and/or common chemical components could provide suitable microenvironments and nutrition for airborne microorganism survival. In summary, the study reviews much information and characteristics of airborne microbes for further study.
Highlights
Microorganisms associated with atmospheric particulate matters, are known as bioaerosols
Most studies showed that the haze days event could increase the microbial abundance, the study proved that higher PM2.5 concentration may cause lower bacterial richness and diversity during heavy haze days [58], due to that there are numerous chemical pollutants and secondary pollutants in severe haze atmosphere, which could restrain the growth of airborne microbes
The atmosphere is such an adversity environment for the growth of airborne microbes, the richness and abundance of microorganism is very high in the air
Summary
Microorganisms (including bacteria, fungi and viruses) associated with atmospheric particulate matters, are known as bioaerosols. It is known that as an important contributor, chemical pollutants in the atmosphere may cause adverse human diseases with gathering in airborne particulate matters, especially respiratory illnesses. In addition to chemical pollutants, airborne microorganisms loaded in atmospheric particles have received growing attention in recent years due to the evidence supporting their role in the atmospheric environment and potential implications for human health, agricultural productivity and ecosystem stability [2,3,4,5,6]. Droplet diffusion in composting plants, waste treatment plants and sewage treatment work—Which mainly rely on bacteria and fungi to degradation and disposal— contributes to increase the levels of microorganisms to the atmosphere [11,12]. We describe the characteristics and transport behaviors of airborne microorganisms and the behaviors of pathogens in the atmosphere
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