Abstract
Recently, there has been increasing interest in the field of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), which is a basic source for the exploration of the ocean environment. A range of military and civilian applications is anticipated to assist UWSN. The UWSN is being developed by the extensive wireless sensor network (WSN) applications and wireless technologies. Therefore, in this paper, a review has been presented which unveils the existing challenges in the underwater environment. In this review, firstly, an introduction to UWSN is presented. After that, underwater localizations and the basics are presented. Secondly, the paper focuses on the architecture of UWSN and technologies used for underwater acoustic sensor network (UASN) localization. Various localization techniques are discussed in the paper classified by centralized and distributed localizations. They are further classified into estimated and prediction-based localizations. Also, various underwater localization algorithms are discussed, which are grouped by the algorithms based on range and range-free schemes. Finally, the paper focuses on the challenges existing in underwater localizations, underwater acoustic communications with conclusions.
Highlights
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have shown increasing interest, in the latest years
This review makes the following contributions: (i) This review provides a detail explanation of localization for the underwater environment which covers the localization basics, architecture, localization techniques, and algorithms used for localization (ii) This review rises the basic requirements for localization such as security attacks on underwater nodes (iii) Based on a detailed analysis of existing underwater localization techniques, we presented the existing challenges and future directions that need to be considered in the recent future
In 2D underwater acoustic sensor network (UASN), all sensor nodes are supposed to be on the same depth, e.g., they can be deployed on the seafloor and ocean surface, and each sensor node can float at an arbitrary depth in 3D UASNs [29]
Summary
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have shown increasing interest, in the latest years. Its simple algorithm makes it possible for UASNs to adapt to the vibrant nature of the water globe [9, 10] To this end, the ocean surveillance system is used that can gather information from the ocean and its surrounding areas and provide this information via satellite communication to the ship or on-shore center or sometimes use underwater wires. (i) This review provides a detail explanation of localization for the underwater environment which covers the localization basics, architecture, localization techniques, and algorithms used for localization (ii) This review rises the basic requirements for localization such as security attacks on underwater nodes (iii) Based on a detailed analysis of existing underwater localization techniques, we presented the existing challenges and future directions that need to be considered in the recent future.
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