Abstract
Terahertz (THz) radiation has received much attention during the past few decades for its potential applications in various fields, such as spectroscopy, imaging, and wireless communications. To use terahertz waves for data transmission in different application systems, the efficient and rapid modulation of terahertz waves is required and has become an in-depth research topic. Since the turn of the century, research on metasurfaces has rapidly developed, and the scope of novel functions and operating frequency ranges has been substantially expanded, especially in the terahertz range. The combination of metasurfaces and semiconductors has facilitated both new opportunities for the development of dynamic THz functional devices and significant achievements in THz modulators. This paper provides an overview of THz modulators based on different kinds of dynamic tunable metasurfaces combined with semiconductors, two-dimensional electron gas heterostructures, superconductors, phase-transition materials, graphene, and other 2D material. Based on the overview, a brief discussion with perspectives will be presented. We hope that this review will help more researchers learn about the recent developments and challenges of THz modulators and contribute to this field.
Highlights
Terahertz (THz) frequencies are located in the range from 0.1 to 10 THz, and the corresponding wavelengths range from 3 mm to 30 μm between the microwave and infrared regions
0.56 rad 0.78 rad 0.56 rad 0.73 rad 0.67 rad 2.39 rad 1.02 rad 2.41 rad 1.03 rad Considering some outstanding previous reviews of terahertz dynamic metasurfaces which concentrated on functional classification [29,30,31,32,33] and different kinds of materials that have been included in the development of THz modulators, in this review article, we provide a brief overview of the various materials for the modulation of THz waves that have been investigated and demonstrated within the last few years
Tunable metasurfaces based on different functional materials can offer various functionalities in manipulating the spectral and spatial characteristics of terahertz waves to form different types of modulators, such as amplitude modulators, phase modulators, polarization modulators, and programmable modulators
Summary
Terahertz (THz) frequencies are located in the range from 0.1 to 10 THz, and the corresponding wavelengths range from 3 mm to 30 μm between the microwave and infrared regions. Since 2006, terahertz modulators and other active devices have introduced semiconductor materials to metallic metasurface structures to achieve the dynamic control of spatialterahertz waves under external stimuli. Considering some outstanding previous reviews of terahertz dynamic metasurfaces which concentrated on functional classification [29,30,31,32,33] and different kinds of materials that have been included in the development of THz modulators, in this review article, we provide a brief overview of the various materials for the modulation of THz waves that have been investigated and demonstrated within the last few years. This review might be useful for researchers who desire more knowledge regarding the developments and challenges of THz modulators and have devoted themselves to relevant research
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