Abstract
Every year, natural hazards affect millions of people around the world, causing significant economic and life losses. The rapid progress of technology and advances in understanding of the highly complex physical phenomena related to various natural hazards have promoted the development of new disaster-mitigation tools, such as earthquake early warning (EEW) systems. However, there is a general lack of integration between the multi- and cross-disciplinary elements of EEW, limiting its effectiveness and applications for end users. This paper reviews the current state-of-the-art in EEW, exploring both the technical components (i.e., seismological and engineering) as well as the socio-organisational components (i.e., social science, policy, and management) of EEW systems. This includes a discussion of specific evidence from case studies of Italy, California, Japan and Mexico, where EEW systems have reached varying levels of maturity. Our aim is to highlight necessary improvements for increasing the effectiveness of the technical aspects of EEW in terms of their implications on operational, political/legal, social, behavioural and organisational drivers. Our analysis suggests open areas for research, associated with: 1) the information that needs to be included in EEW alerts to implement successful mitigation actions at both individual and organisational levels; 2) the need for response training to the community by official bodies, such as civil protection; 3) existing gaps in the attribution of accountability and development of liability policies involving EEW implementation; 4) the potential for EEW to increase seismic resilience of critical infrastructure and lifelines; 5) the need for strong organisational links with first responders and official EEW bodies; and 6) the lack of engineering-related (i.e., risk and resilience) metrics currently used to support decision making related to the triggering of alerts by various end users.
Highlights
AND MOTIVATIONSIn recent decades, there has been an increased tendency in the literature to investigate both the technical and the social-science-related aspects of disaster prevention/mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery
Our analysis suggests open areas for research, associated with: 1) the information that needs to be included in EEW alerts to implement successful mitigation actions at both individual and organizational levels; 2) the need for response training to the community by official bodies, such as civil protection; 3) existing gaps in the attribution of accountability and development of liability policies involving EEW implementation; 4) the potential for EEW to increase seismic resilience of critical infrastructure and lifelines; 5) the need for strong organizational links with first responders and official EEW bodies; and 6) the lack of engineering-related metrics currently used to support decision making related to the triggering of alerts by various end users
From the technical perspective, engineering-related research and development of EEW applications have not yet been emphasized, very rapid improvements of EEW are being observed in the seismology community, as noted in Earthquake Early Warning Systems: Physical Grounds, Technical Concepts, Methods, and Perspectives
Summary
There has been an increased tendency in the literature to investigate both the technical and the social-science-related aspects of disaster prevention/mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery Events such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, and the 2011 Tohoku (Japan) earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear meltdown, have raised awareness about the various domains/disciplines involved in risk forecasting/management strategies and the. Pescaroli and Alexander (2018) suggested that researchers should better integrate the technical components of early warning with practices of organizational resilience, for supporting the management of decisional uncertainties. Common training with these systems, including simulation exercises/drills, are essential
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