Abstract
This review provides insight into the importance of understanding NETosis in cows, sheep, and goats in light of the importance to their health, welfare and use as animal models. Neutrophils are essential to innate immunity, pathogen infection, and inflammatory diseases. The relevance of NETosis as a conserved innate immune response mechanism and the translational implications for public health are presented. Increased understanding of NETosis in ruminants will contribute to the prediction of pathologies and design of strategic interventions targeting NETs. This will help to control pathogens such as coronaviruses and inflammatory diseases such as mastitis that impact all mammals, including humans. Definition of unique attributes of NETosis in ruminants, in comparison to what has been observed in humans, has significant translational implications for one health and global food security, and thus warrants further study.
Highlights
The welfare and production of ruminant animals such as cows, sheep, and goats are impacted by pathogen induced and metabolic inflammatory diseases
The purpose of this review is to present the current knowledge about the mechanisms of NETosis and its role in the pathogenesis of different diseases affecting three ruminants cows, sheep, and goats [8]
Sheep, and goats NETosis is associated with the response to diverse zoonotic pathogens and those impacting animal health and welfare
Summary
The welfare and production of ruminant animals such as cows, sheep, and goats are impacted by pathogen induced and metabolic inflammatory diseases. Neutrophils are granular leukocytes that are central to the inflammatory response They are the most abundant innate immune cells, making up 50–70% of all leukocytes in humans [2], in ruminants such as cattle they comprise less than half of total circulating leukocytes [3,4]. Increased understanding of phenotypes and functions of neutrophils of different ruminant species will contribute to animal and public health. The immune regulatory functions of neutrophils against pathogens include phagocytosis, release of antimicrobial molecules, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), degranulation, and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), a process referred to as NETosis [8]. NETosis is a form of cell death, which is different from apoptosis and necrosis [9,10]
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