Abstract
We performed a review of the environmental surveillance methods commonly used to collect and concentrate poliovirus (PV) from water samples. We compared the sampling approaches (trap vs grab), the process methods (precipitation vs filtration), and the various tools and chemical reagents used to separate PV from other viruses and pathogens in water samples (microporous glass, pads, polyethylene glycol [PEG]/dextran, PEG/sodium chloride, NanoCeram/ViroCap, and ester membranes). The advantages and disadvantages of each method are considered, and the geographical areas where they are currently used are discussed. Several methods have demonstrated the ability to concentrate and recover PVs from environmental samples. The details of the particular sampling conditions and locations should be considered carefully in method selection.
Highlights
We performed a review of the environmental surveillance methods commonly used to collect and concentrate poliovirus (PV) from water samples
There are 2 types of vaccines to stop polio transmission: inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and oral polio vaccine (OPV), which consists of a mixture of live attenuated PV strains of each of the 3 serotypes known as Sabin strains 1, 2, and 3 [8, 9]
Compared to acute flaccid paralysis surveillance (AFPS), environmental surveillance (ES) for polio is an inexpensive method that can be deployed in the field with relatively fewer highly trained staff
Summary
We performed a review of the environmental surveillance methods commonly used to collect and concentrate poliovirus (PV) from water samples. Several methods have demonstrated the ability to concentrate and recover PVs from environmental samples. Successful use of OPVs has driven the virus out of most countries in the world, the live attenuated vaccine can revert to neurovirulence and get transmitted from person to person as a circulating vaccine-derived PV strain (VDPV) in settings of low immunization coverage [10]. VDPVs, derived from each of the 3 OPV serotypes, are a mutated version
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