Abstract
Background: The aim of the study was to review data on the impact of anthropogenic chemicals (endocrine disruptors) on various diseases, which, consequently, may facilitate their prevention and be used as a tool for managing public healthcare. Every day, humans are exposed to chemicals, including xenoestrogens, which are similar to female hormones. Methods: This manuscript was prepared based on a meta-analysis of research on the impacts of selected EDCs on human health. Results: Special attention should be paid to bisphenol A (BPA), benzo-α-pyrene, and phthalates due to their proven endocrine activity and presence in our daily lives. Xenoestrogens are absorbed by human organisms through the digestive system since they can migrate to food from food packages and drinks as well as from plastic products used daily. The presence of these chemicals in human organisms is considered a potential cause for some diseases commonly referred to as ‘diseases of civilization’. Conclusions: The biomonitoring of xenoestrogens, which are chemicals with unfavorable impacts on human health, is a crucial tool for assessing the risk from the pollution of the environment. The novelty is a holistic approach to assessing the occurrence of risk factors for civilization diseases.
Highlights
Xenoestrogens have multiple mechanisms of action, interact with different receptors, and affect the entire hormonal system. These involve the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which regulates the expression of several genes, including the cytochrome P450 (CYP-1) gene family members and glutathione S-transferase M, which mediates many of the responses to environmental toxic chemicals
The biomonitoring of xenoestrogens, which are chemicals with an unfavorable impact on human health, is a crucial tool that can be used to assess the risk caused by anthropogenic pollution from the group of endocrine disruptors
It is an essential element in risk assessment for diseases of civilization. This mainly applies to chemicals with real or potential effects on the homeostasis of the human endocrine system (EDCs). This includes the chemicals discussed here and others, e.g., those classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
Summary
Humans are exposed to natural and synthetic chemical compounds, including xenoestrogens, which are similar to female hormones. These exogenous compounds may interact with the human hormonal system, leading to homeostasis disorders by modulating both estrogenic activities and androgenic activity itself [1]. The presence of anthropogenic endocrine disruptors (ECDs) in various elements of the environment is a direct or indirect threat to humans, as indicated by biomonitoring studies on the systemic distribution of biomarkers of human exposure to this group of compounds. Tracking trends regarding the levels of these compounds in various elements of the environment, including humans, is important due to the toxicological properties of ECDs
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