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Abstract
Mucosal organs are principle portals of entry for microbial invasion and as such developing protective vaccines against these pathogens can serve as a first line of defense against infections. In general, all mucosal organs in finfish are covered by a layer of mucus whose main function is not only to prevent pathogen attachment by being continuously secreted and sloughing-off but it serves as a vehicle for antimicrobial compounds, complement, and immunoglobulins that degrade, opsonize, and neutralize invading pathogens on mucosal surfaces. In addition, all mucosal organs in finfish possess antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that activate cells of the adaptive immune system to generate long-lasting protective immune responses. The functional activities of APCs are orchestrated by a vast array of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines found in all mucosal organs. The adaptive immune system in mucosal organs is made of humoral immune responses that are able to neutralize invading pathogens as well as cellular-mediated immune responses whose kinetics are comparable to those induced by parenteral vaccines. In general, finfish mucosal immune system has the capacity to serve as the first-line defense mechanism against microbial invasion as well as being responsive to vaccination.
Highlights
Mucosal surfaces are important physical barriers whose main function is to protect the systemic environment of the body against microbial invasion
Teleosts fish are endowed with different mucosal organs that include the gills, gut, skin, and nasal mucosa [6, 7, 9, 10]
It is interesting to note that all mucosal organs have an innate immune systems, which is made of three important elements, namely (i) mucus whose function is to prevent microbial attachment to mucosal surfaces by continuously being excreted and sloughed-off but it serves as a vehicle for antimicrobial peptides, complement, and Igs that degrade, opsonize, and neutralize invading pathogens on mucosal surfaces; (ii) antigenpresenting cells (APCs) that carry out antigen uptake, processing, and presentation to cells of the adaptive immune systems [130]; and (iii) proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that coordinate the functional activities of APCs
Summary
Mucosal surfaces are important physical barriers whose main function is to protect the systemic environment of the body against microbial invasion. Our understanding of the immunological basis of mucosal vaccine protection has for a long time lagged behind systemic immunity in finfish, and in higher vertebrates, which has led to a corresponding delay in developing highly protective mucosal vaccines across the vertebrate taxa. While the mode of vaccine delivery is to a large extent dependent on the fish production cycle, developing highly protective vaccines for oral and immersion vaccination has been a serious challenge for a long time because the process of optimizing vaccine delivery methods and measuring immune responses for mucosal vaccines is more complicated than for injectable vaccines [3]. It is anticipated that generating vaccines that have the capacity to induce a combined effect of highly protective mucosal and systemic immune responses could be more effective at attaining sterile immunity. This review puts together a collection of different components of the mucosal immune system of finfish with the view to shed insight on how these elements prevent microbial invasion on mucosal surfaces as a basis for designing highly protective mucosal vaccines for finfish
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