A review of the distribution and recorded natural enemies of Eurasian watermilfoil ( Myriophyllum spicatum L.) in Eurasia, and the potential for classical biological control in North America.

Abstract

Abstract In the context of possible biological control of Eurasian watermilfoil ( Myriophyllum spicatum L.), available information is summarized on the distribution of M. spicatum and closely related species, and the known insect and pathogen natural enemies recorded from Eurasia. Research gaps identified include (1) lack of adequate understanding of frequency, distribution and ecological differences resulting from hybridization between M. spicatum and other Myriophyllum spp., (2) that surveys to date have been limited geographically and temporally, and have neglected organisms attacking the roots, and (3) preliminary studies to date on promising biological control agents have not considered potential impact on non-target species indigenous to North America.